Editor & Web Master

Dr. R.K.Gupta
rajbhasha@yahoo.com
rajbhasha@hotmail.com
CHAPTER XXXX
328. In the Active Voice (with the subject acting) :-
  1. A subject is usually in the direct case, when the Verb must agree with it in Number, Gender and Perosn:

    2. ۾, ܇, ܡ ܃, ܍ܽ ܽܽ ܽܽ

    This is Subjectival Construction.

  2. With a Transitive Verb having a past participle form, the subject is in the oblique case with ܽ, when the Verb agrees with the object :

    3. ܽ ܡ , şܥ ܽ ܟ ܇

    This is Objectival Construction.

  3. But if the object pf a verb with a past participle form has ܽ or , the verb is in the masculine singular, third person:

    4. Ϗ ܽ ܟ ܽ ܏ ܛܡ, ۟ܛܽ ܽ ܾţ

    This is Neutral Construction.

    Note- (i) With a Transitive Verb of Incomplete Predication, the object always has ܽ.

    (ii) A Verb with two objects cannot be in the Neutral Construction. It must, in such cases, agree with the primary object : ܽ ܾţ ܽ ܇ ڇ

    (iii) Pronouns may have - or - ۽ instead of ܽ.

  4. A Verb can be in the Objectival or the Neutral Construction only if it has a past participle. Elsewhere, the Verb is always in the subjectival Construction, whether it is Transitive or Intransitive, complete or incomplete :

    5. ܛ ۻ, ť ܝ ܁, ܾţ ܽ ܇ ڽ

  5. An Intransitive Verb is always in the Subjectival Construction even when it has a past participle.

ܟ ܡ, ܾ, ť ܣ
  1. With Verbs denoting ``experience'' etc. (266-270), the subject always has ܽ (or- , - ۽ in case of Pronouns); and the ``object of experience'' is in the direct case with which the Verb agrees:

    2. ܺܽ ܻ ܊ ۾, ܽ ۺ ܟ ۾, ܍ܽ ܽ ڨ

    A Verb of this class is always in the Objectival Construction.

  2. In the Passive Voice:-
  1. The logical subject (``doer'') , if mentioned, always has ܽ; and the logical object (``that which is acted upon'') is in the direct case, with which the Verb agrees:

ܽ ܟ š , şܥ ܽ ܽ ܃

ܨܵ ܣ ܡ (logical subject not mentioned). The construction thus, is Objectival.

Note- (i) In the passive voice, the logical object assumes the role of the grammatical subject (``that about which something has been said'').

It cannot, of course, replace the logical subject - `` the doer''.

    1. The logical subject is usually mentioned only if abiliity or inability to do something is implied.
    2. Only a Transitive Verb can be in the Passive Voice.
  1. If a Verb has two objects, the Verb agrees with the primary object, the secondary object being in the oblique case :

    2. ܾţ ܽ ܇ ڇ ܇.
    The construction is Objectival, with the logical subject omitted.

  2. With the Verbs ۛ, ܺ, Šܛ etc., the secondary object has ܽ: ܺܬܽ ۾, ܬܽ ܻ ܡ (98-).

  3. With Verbs of incomplete predication in the passive Voice, the object usually has ܽ (or-, -۽) and the Verb is always in the third person singular masculine form :

    4. ܽۛ ܽ ܊ܥ ܡ, ܈ܛ ܽ ܹܽ ܛ ܡ.
    the construction, thus, is Neutral.

  4. Neutral construction is met with also in other Verbs, especially if the object is a Pronoun :

    5. ܽ ܽܽ ܽ ܡ, ܺܽ ܟ܃ ܺܡ ܡ ۾.

  5. With the ``true passive '' (274), the object is always in the direct case, which the Verb agrees. The subject. if mentioned, has ܽ : ܽ Œ ۾, ܝܽ ܈Ŋ, ܺܬܽ ڣ܏ ܺ, ܽ ťܟ ܃. The construction is Objectival.

    6. Note - (i) The subject, where mentione, is either ``able'' or ``unable'' to do something, or does something unintentionally as in the last sentence, or as in ܺܬܽ ܻ ܽ ܃.

    (ii) All ``true passive'' are Intransitive in form, but Transitive in sense. In their active form, they change into Verbs.

    ܾţ ܽ ܒ ۾, ܝܽ ܽ ۻ (274-b).

  6. All passive have eighte the objectival, or the neutral construction. They can never be in the subjectival construction : the Verb never agrees with the logical subject (or, to put in other words, the logical subject, of a passive is never in the direct form).
  1. In the Impersonal Voice (278) the Verb is always in the third person singular masculine form, and the subject if mentioned, has ܽ :

    2. ܥܽ ܽ ܇, ܺܬܽ . This is the Neutral Construction.

    Note :- (i) Only Intransitive Verbs can be in the Impersonal Voice.

    (ii) In the Impersonal Voice, the Verb is always in the neutral construction.

  2. (a) All Verbs having a present or past participle form are affected by the Number, Person and Gender of the subject or of the object.

    3. (b) Othe forms of Verbs are affected by only the number and Person of the subject or of the object.

    (c) All Verbs, when they are in the neutral construction, are in the third person singular masculine form

    Two or More Subjects

  3. (a) If a sentence has two or more subjects, the Verb is in the Plural :

    4. ܟ ܾ ܮܵ ܇ ; şܥ ܾ ܚ ܥ ܃.

    (b) The Gender of such a Verb is feminine only if all the subjects are Feminine. If the subjects are living beings, and one of them is Masculine, the Verb is also masculine :

    ܟ ܾ ܛ ܽ ܥܽ; ܚ, şܥ ܾ ܽۛ ۽ ; ܾ šܿ ܽ ۽ ۾.

    (c) If all the subjects are inanimate things and singular, the Verb again agrees with the masculine :

    ܾ ܽ ܽ ; ܽ ܾ ܥ ܽ .

    (d) Elsewhere, the Verb agrees with the nearest Subject :

    ť ܾ ܃ġ ; ܹܡ ܾ ܥܬ ܽ

  4. It is usual to `sum up' the two or more subjects by the words ܽܽ (both) and ܝ (all) placed after the subjects, in which case the Verb is Masculine (unless, of course, all the subjects are Feminine) :

    5. ť ܾ ܃ġ ܽܽ ܥܽ ; ܍ܽ, ܺÁ, ܨܛ ܝ ܥܽ; şܥ ܾ ܚ ܽܽ ܃ ; şܥ, ܚ ܾ ܮ ܝ ܥ ܃

  5. If the subjects are itwo or more Pronouns in different persons, the `order of Preference' for the Verb is first-second-third :

    6. ܾ ܺ (or ܺ ܾ ) ܥܽܽ (first person plural); , ܺ ܾ ܥܽܽ (first person plural); ܺ ܾ ۽ ܽ (second person plural).

    Gendedr follows the same rules as in the case of Nouns.

  6. The above rules hold good also when the Verb agrees with the object (i.e. in the objectival construction):

    ܽ ܥܬ ܾ ܥ ܣ; ܽ ܽ ܥܬ ܾ ܹܡ ܺ܃

    The Verb agrees with the subject (in the direct case) even if there is a predicative word referring to it, which has another Gender.

    ܺܣ ܻ ܩ ܣ ܽ; ܮ܃ ܡܿ ܽܜܹ ܛ