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CHAPTER XXXVII

301. Conjunctions are words which join together or connect words, sentences, or Parts of a sentence (67):

  1. Mother and child came. (2) Is it good or bad? (3) I came, but you had gone. (4) you said that you would come. (5) The servant will wait until you come.
  1. It is, however, not often that a conjunction connects two words, sentences, `mother came' and `child came' which have been contracted into one for the sake of economy. Similarly, `is it good or bad' is contracted from `isit good' and `is it bad'. Only in sentences like, `put two and two together', or `Sita and Kamla are cousin' can a conjuntion be said to connect two words.
  2. In the third example, `I came but you had gone', the two smaller sentences are independent of each other. In the fourth sentence, however, `you would come' is subordinate to `you said', since it functions as the object of `said'. In the last sentence, `until you come' is subordinate sentences so the main sentences to the main sentence are called Subordinating. `and', `or', and `but' in the above examples are Co-ordinating; `that' and `until' are subordinating.
  1. Some of the important Hindi Conjunctions are given below :-
  1. Co-0rdinating
  1. ܘ or ܾ `and'; ܿ (or ܟ) `as well as'; ܿ ܽ ܿ ۬ ܽܽ ڽ ڡ `Mahatma Gandhi preached truth as well as non-violence'. It is desirable to restrict the use of ܟ for `as well as' and not to use it as just a synonym of ܾ.

  2. or ܨ `or' `or' (colloquial); ..... `neither....nor' (293-d):

    3. ܽ (293-b & 294-c) or ܘ `otherwise, or else';

    ............. `either............or'; `or';

    ۽...........۽ `whether........or',

    `(but)O not' :

    ܺܛܽ ܛ ܡ (ܨ) ? `have you taken your food, or not ?',

    ܺ ܽ ܽ `are you going or not?' (colloquial),'

    ܡ ۾ `he takes neither tea nor coffee'

    ܽۛ ţܽ ܘ ( ܽ) `work hard, otherwise you will fail',

    ť ܽ ܂ܽܽ

    ܺ ܂ܽ `either you go or I (go)',

    ۽ ܺ ܽ, ۽ ܂ܽ... `whether you remain or go......',

    ܛܽ ܰ ܽ ܥܛܽ ܡ ۻ, `I have come to see my friend,

    ܺܬܽ not you'

    `or' is now archaic.

  3. ܣ ܛܺ, śܺ, ܊ܣ or ܽś `but', ܺ or ܹ `but also, besides, but, on the other hand';

    4. ܾܽ ܜ Ŏ ܊ , ܺ (ܹ) ܥ š ۾

    `I have done no charm to you; on the other hand, I have rendered you a service'.

    ܣ `but' is now obsolete.

  4. ܹ܇, ܇, : `therefor, hence, consequently'; ܽ `so' (archaic.)
  1. Subordinating
  1. ơܽ `because'; ܹ܇.... `so that, for the purpose that.....':

    2. ܿ ܹ܇ ܡ ܜܬܽ ܝ Šܻ `I have come here so that I may ask you for a book'.

  2. ܹ....ܽ `if .....then', (285-m); ܹ `although'; ܽ =ţ =`yet even so'; ܹ....ܘܹ `though....yet' :

    ܹ ܜ ۽, ܽ ܈ ۻ `I can go there if you so want'.

  3. `that'; `that is' :

ܾܽ ܬܽ ....`I told him that.......';

`ܨěܟ' ۟, ܻ ܺ ܹ `pronouns', i.e. we, thou, you etc.