| 296.
Preposition is a word which indicates a relation between a Noun
or a Pronoun and a Noun, Pronoun or Verb (66):
A book for you
; A bunch of flowers; Come with me.
In Hindi, these
words are placed after the Noun or Pronoun whose relation
with another Noun etc. they denote. They may, therefore, be
called post-positions.
The case-signs
ܽ, ܽ, ܽ etc. are Post-positions of a special nature
(95).
- The Post-positions
are attached to a Noun or a Pronoun usually with the help
of the case-sign (or- in the case of first and second
person Pronouns and - in reflexive which are in the
oblique form (or -, -ܽ):
ܟ ܘ
`along with Ram', ܽ ܬ `with me' ܛܽ ܬ `with
me, with sombody'.
The case-sign
may sometimes be omitted :
() ܣ
`across the river', () , `behind the back'.
A few Post-positions
are attacned with the help of se:
ܺ ܽ ۥܽ
`before me', ܣ ܽ ۣ `outside the house'.
Some are attached
directly : ܈ `till the end'.
- (a) All Post-positions,
except are, in fact, Adverbs: they limit the force fo
the Verb as Adverbs do. The only difference between the
two is that a Post-position modifies a Verb with the help
of a Noun or a Pronoun, while an Adverb does it independently
:
| ܟ
ۣ ۾ |
`Ram
is outside' (Adverb) |
| ܟ
ܣ ۣ ۾ |
`Rm is
outside the house' (Post-position) |
But in ܟ
܃ ۾ `he is Ram's brother' etc., ܟ is adjectival.
- In Hindi, a
Noun or a Pronoun combined with a Post-position is often
used as a Noun and can attach case-signs ;
| ܣ
ܟܛܽ |
`the
road in front of the house' |
| ܟ
ܽ |
`since
after the evening' |
In such cases,
the Post-positions do not have an adverbial force.
- Some of the
important Post-positions are given below :
- The following
are used with (or - ) :-
ڣ `within'
(ܣ ڣ) ܺܣ `according to' (܈ ܺܣ)
܊ܽ `facing,
in front of, ܟܛܽ `in front of' (ܝ܈
ܟܛܽ)
beyond'
(ܽ ܊ܽ)
`behind'
(ܣ ) ܣ `above, upon' (ܽ
ܣ)
ܽ `below,
under' (ܽ ܽ) ܬ `near, with' (ܛ
ܬ, ܽ ܬ)
ܬܜܬ
`around (ۣ ܬܜܬ) ܣ `within, in' (şܣ
ܣ)
ۥܽ
`before' (ܽܽ ۥܽ) `after' (؛ܽ
)
ܣ
`across' ( ܣ) ܘ or ܣ `through' (ܾţ
ܘ, ܣ)
܇ or
ܬܽ `for' (Ŭ܈ ܇) ܨ or ܨܡ `except'
(ܽ ܨܡ)
ܛ `without',
(܈ ܛ) ܹܛ or ܨ `besides'
(ܛ ܹ)
ڥܽ `instead
of' (ܺ ڥܽ) ܣܝܣ `equal' (ܽ ܣܝܣ)
ܲ `against'
(ܡܟ ܲ) ܽ or ܡ܈ `worthy' (ܺܣ
ܽ, ܡ܈)
ܜܣ
`contrary to' (܈ ܜܣ) ܘ `with (ܽ
ܘ)
`(live)
with or, `at the place ܣ `because of' (ܽ ܣ)
of'
(ܽ ܿ `at the place) ܣ ܽ `about, concerning'
(܁ܽ ܣ ܽ).
ܣ `on
account of' (ܻ ܣ)
- The following
have instead of :-
ܽ or ܣ
`towards' (ܛ ܽ) ܾ or ܣ `like' (ܽ
ܣ)
ܹܣ `for
the sake of' (ܽ ܹܣ) ܽ or ܹܬ
`in comparison to' (ܛ
ܽ).
- The following
have a ܽ :-
ۥܽ `before
(also ) (ܝܬܽ ۥܽ) ۣ `outside' (also
)
ڻ `far'
(ۣ ܽ ڻ) (ۣ ۣ).
- The following
are attached directly :-
ܡě or
܈ `upto, until' ܥܽ `under' (ܣ܊ ܥܽ)
(ܛ ܡě,
ť ܈)
ܣ `across'
(also with ) ܣ `through' (also with )
(ܟܺ
ܣ) (ܬ ܣ).
- The following
are attached directlyto , , ܬ, Ŭ, usually
when referring to `things' :-
| ܽ
`towards' |
ܣ `towards' |
| ܣ
ܽ `about' |
ܣ `across' |
| ܣ `like' |
ܽ = ܣ `this way, hither' |
Ŭ
ܽ = Śܣ `which way ?
whither ?' |
ܣ ܽ `concerning this' |
|
ܣ `the other side, (of the river etc.)
|
- The Post-positions
ܣ, ܛ and ܨ () are sometimes used, for the
sake of emphasis, before the Noun which they govern :-
| ܈
ܛ `without him' |
or |
ܛ
܈ (emphatic) |
| ܻ
ܣ `on account of hunger' |
or |
ܣ
ܻ (emphatic) |
| ܽ
ܨ () `except me' |
or |
ܨ
() ܽ (emphatic) |
|
