 |
280. An Adverb
is a word that modifies or qualifies a Verb i.e.
restricts it in some way.
In `the boy is here,' `I came to-day', and `he writes carefully,'
the words here,
to-day and carefully are Adverbs: they restrict the signification
of the Verbs.
The boy is here, not elsewhere; I came to-day, neither yesterday
nor anyearlier day;
he writes carefully not carelessly or Indifferently.
- In a sentence
like `he writes very carefully', the word very
is also an Adverb,
since it further restricts the Verb; he writes not with
ordinary
care, but with
great care. Very, however, restricts the Verb indirectly,
by
restricting the other
Adverb, carefully, which restricts the Verb directly. An
Adverb
may, therefore, qualify another Adverb.
-
The
same word very however, has a different function in a
very good boy :
it modifies the Adjective good which in its turn modifies
the Noun boy. It is
usual to regard this very and similar words as Adverbs
even when they modify
an Adjective. But, in fact, they too are (indirect) Adjectives,
and are treated as
such in Hindi, undergoing the same changes due to Number
and Gender as affect an ordinary Adjective :
|
|
`a
very good boy' |
|
|
`a
very good girl' |
|
|
`very
good boys' |
Some of these
Adjective-modifying words have been noted in 141.
281. Hindi Adverbs
can be divided into two classes:
- those formed
from pronouns, and
- the rest.
Bothe these classes
may be subdivided into various groups according to their meaning.
282. The pronominal
Adverbs, like the pronominal Adjectives (137) are derived
from
Demonstrative, Relative and Interrogative Pronouns. These
are:-
`now', `here', ܣ `hither',
ܽ `thus' (from
);
- - `there', ܣ `thither',
(from );
ܝ `when',
`where', ܚܣ `whither', ܽ `as' (from
ܽ);
ŝ `when?', `where', Śܣ `whither?', ơܽ
`why?' from (ܾ);
ܝ `then',
`there', ܚܣ `thither', ܽ `so, in
the same way'
(from ܽ ).
- and
ܚܣ (except in proverbs) are archaic or dialectic and
as such should not be used.
- The other two
Adverbs derived from ܽ [ the archaic correlative Pronoun
110 (iii), viz. ܝ and ܽ] are affiliated to (so
that the second series in the above list would be ܝ,
ܣ ܽ).
- Note that ơܽ
does not mean `how'. The word for `how' is Ŭܽ (287),
or ơܽ ţ (ܣܹ 285-1).
- Of the Pronominal
adverbs listed above :
(a) , ܝ,
ŝ and ܝ are Adverbs of Time;
(b) ,
and are Adverbs of Place;
(c) ܣ, ܚܣ,
Śܣ and ܣ are Adverbs of Direction;
(d) ܽ, ܽ,
ơܽ (ţ) and ܽ are Adverbs of Manner
- All these Adverbs
can append the emphatic particle (294-a):
ܣ `this very direction , just hither', ܣ `in
that very direction, just thither'. With etc. and
etc., however, combines in Sandhi, as already noted in
50-c and e:
|
+ = |
ܝ+
=ܞ |
ŝ+
= Ş |
ܝ+
= ܞ |
|
+ = |
+
= |
+ = |
+ = |
- The following
special uses of the pronominal Adverbs may be noted :
- like the
English `now' (introductory) may denote `then' in narration
etc.
܊ܨܛ
ܽ ĺ ܽ `now did the Lord tell Arjuna'.
- denotes
`just now' ; but .... = `just....when', or `no sooner......than':
ܛ
ۺ ܃ `I had just reached
the station when the train arriver' or `no sooner had I
reached the station than the train arrived'.
- Ş is not
an emphatic interrogative. It denotes `ever, sometimes,
(at) some (one) time':
| (ơ)
ܜ Ş ܟ܃ ܇ ۾? |
`have
you ever been to Bombay ?' |
| Ş
۟ ܍ܽ |
`at
one time, we too were children' |
| Ş
ܺܽ ܛ |
`I
too must go there some time' |
The interrogation
in the first sentence is due to ơ (expressed or implied,
112-ii), and not due to Ş. See Note under (e) below.
Ş-Ş
denotes `sometimes, occasionally' (App. III 5-f)
Ş
= `never' (but the two words can be interspaced by an Object,
an Adverb etc.):
ܛܽ Ş
ܺܽ ܒ ܉ `he never wrote a letter to
me'.
Ş - -
Ş = `sometime or other' (App. III 5-j)
ܝ Ş =
`whenever'.
- Ş `just
when (as)' (relative) = and ܝ `whenever' are now
less frequent, the former having been replaced by ܽ
[(i) below}],
and the
latter by ܝ Ş (c above).
- is not
an emphatic interrogative. It denotes `somewhere, at some
(or, any) place':
ܡ
۾ `he has gone somewhere',
ܽ ťܟ
ܣ `I dropped my pen somewhere'.
also denotes
`much, far, to a great extent';
ܺܬܽ
۾ `he is much older than I'.
- =
`at some places', (App. III 5-f),
=
`nowhere' ܝ = `everywhere',
-
= `wherever', --=`somewhere or the other'.
(App. III 5-j)
Note :- In rhetorical-Interrogative
sentences, Ş and
denote `ever, at all', when the question expresses ``an
emphatical contrary assertion'':
ܺ Ş
() ܽ ܺܽ ܽ ? `do you ever (at
all) listen to me ?' (=`you never listen to me').
The Verb
in such sentences is followed by a . is used in
a
similar sense in negative rhetorical-Interrogative sentences,
where it expresses undesirability of a possible occurrence,
action etc.
The sentence usually contains a ܽ, except if the Verb
is potential (229):
|
ܥ ܽ ܃ ? |
`I
hope, the train hasn't already left?' |
|
ܫ ܽ ? |
`It's
not going to rain, I hope?' |
| ܛܽ
ܽ ܝ ܽ ܽ? |
`he
hasn't lost my book, I hope?' |
- ....
= `where on the one hand....where on the other',
....
= `here (at one place)....there (at another place)', or
`now.............now',
Ş....Ş=`sometimes..............sometimes',
.....=
`now.........now', or `first.........then'.
All these have
the force of a conjunction, and may be called `Conjunctive
Adverbs'.
- ܣ-ܣ =
`hither and thither'.
ܣ......ܣ
= `on the one hand............., on the other...........'
(Conjunctive),
..............
= `here...........there' (Conjunctive).
- ܽ ܽ....ܽ-ܽ
denotes proportionately (Conjunctive). ܽ-ܽ is sometimes
omitted.
| ܽ
ܽ ܁ ܃ |
`the
more the night advanced' |
| (ܽ-ܽ)
ܫ ܽ ܽ ܃ |
'the
heavier did the rain grow' |
- ܽ ....ܽ
= `no sooner......than' (Conjunctive).
- ܽ denotes
`for no particular reason or purpose',`in vain', `casually;
|
ܽ ܡ |
`he
had just dropped in' |
|
ܽ ܛ ڻ ܡ |
`in
vain, did I go all this distance' |
- ܽ
(, ) ܽ `in the same condition, order or way as
before':
ܺܜܽ ܽ
܈ ܿ ܽ ܽ ܛܽ even in old
age, his teeth are in the sam (sound) condition'.
- ơܽ ţ
in the sense of `how' is archaic (282-iii).
- ܽ, used
as a correlative of ܝ `when' or of ܹ `if', signifies
`then':
ܝ ܽ ܽ
ܡ ܽ ܥܛܽ ܊ `when he got angry, (then)
he began to shout',
ܹ ܺ
܇ ܽ ܂ܽܽ `if you go there, (then) you will
repent'. See 294-c and 302-b-ii
All the pronominal
Adverbs, including those combined with (but excluding those
denoting manner), may be used as Nouns and attach the case-signs
ܽ (`from, since') ܽ (`to' with Adverbs of place), ܣ (`at'
with Adverbs of place only) and (`of'), besides the preposition
܈ (`upto') 299-d):
| ܽ |
`hnceforth' |
| ŝ ܽ |
`since when?' |
| ܽ |
`whence?' |
| |
`of which
place?' |
| ܝ |
`of that
time' |
| ŝ
|
`of which
time?' |
| ܣ ܽ |
`thitherwards' |
| ܣ |
`from that
very place' |
| ܽ
|
`whereto?' |
| ܽ |
`from that
very place' |
| |
`of this
very place' |
| ܽ |
`already
from now on' |
| ܣ
|
`at which
place?' |
| ܈ |
`thus far' |
| ܝ ܈ |
`until then' |
| ŝ ܈ |
`how long?' |
With pronominal
(and other) Adverbs denoting time, has occasionally
the sense of ܽ (from, since):
`since
this hour' ŝ `since when?', or `how
long' (`a long
time ago').
ܡ ܟ ܽ ܾ `leaving now, I shall
return in the evening',
ŝ
ܾ ۾ `how long has he been sitting
here?'.
`of some place, of some standing', or `confounded' ....etc.
ܡ
ܹ ! `he thinks he is a great scholar'
`scholar,
indeed'!
ܥ
ܽ, ܽ ! `get away, you confounded
thief !'
- (a) The pronominal
Adjectives , ܾ, Ŭ , ܾ, ܾ (137 a),
in their oblique forms ܽ, ܾ, Ŭܽ etc. are used
as Adverbs of Manner;
ܽ `in
this manne, thus',
Ŭܽ? `how?',
`why?' etc.
All these
have more or less the same meaning as ܽ, ܽ, ơܽ
etc. and can append .
() ,
ܾ etc. and ܛ, ܛ, etc. can be used as Adverbs
of manner and degree:
܊...... `I ran so (fast)........'
ܛ
ܽ....... `he cried so much.......'
- Ŏ, Ŏ
- Ŏ `a little', `partly', `to some extent', and ۺ-Ŏ
`to a great extent', `a great deal' are also used adverbially
(111 and 118-16, 15):
Ŏ ¿ `he
smiled a little',
ܺܣ Ŏ-Ŏ
ܣ ۾ `the fever has partly (to some extent) subsided',
ܛ
ۺ-Ŏ `the water (level) in the river has
gone
ܒ ܡ ۾ down
a great deal'.
- ܽ prrefixed
to a numeral denotes `about, some, approximately'. (111-iii
and 149).
- ܛܽ ܽ
=`in the meanwhile' is an Adverb of time.
- ܛܽ-ܜ
(109-c) may be used as an Adverb of manner and denotes `of
one's own accord, spontaneously':
ܛܽ-ܜ
ܥ ܡ `he went away of his own accord,
- ܜ--ܜ
(App, III 5-h) is also an Adverb of manner denoting `spontaneously'
or `aside'.
- ܜ-ܽ-ܜ
= `spontaneously' = ܛܽ ܜ [109 (c) and App.III 5 (h)].
- ơ is used
adverbially in several senses, for which see 112-vi-viii.
- for Ŏ....Ŏ
as an Adverb, see 118-22.
- Adverbs other
than the pronominal may also be divided into various groups.
Some of these are Adjectives used as Adverbs:
ܽ
(Ŏ) ٣ `I felt a little afraid',
ۺ ܽ `she
cried a great deal'.
Others are Nouns+some
case-sings used adverbially:
Ź؛܃
ܽ ۺ ܡ `I could reach there with great
difficulty'.
Still others
are formed from Verbs:
ܾܽ-ܾܽ
܈ ܡ `I got tired while running'. (241-c--242-c);
while a large number are `original' Adverbs are :
- Some of the
Adjectives used as adverbs are:
ܽ `a
little', ۺ `much, very. agreat deal',
ܽ-ۺ `to
some extent', `well',
ܺ `ill', ۥܽ `(at)
first',
ş `less', ڻܣ `secondly'
etc.,
ş-ܽ-ş `at
least' (App. ۺ ş `very little',
III,
5-i) `much' etc.
ۺ ۾ `he sings very well',
ۥܽ
ܛ ܟ ţܽ `first do your work'.
- (a) Nouns used
as adverbs usually have the case-signs - ܽ (97-f), ܽ
(98-d), ܽ (99-b) and ܣ (100-b-c):
ܟ ܽ
`in the evening', ܛ ܽ `attentively',
ڛ ܽ
`during day', ܛܽ ܣ `after
coming' etc.
- However, Nouns
denoting time which is specified by an Adjective (or a word
used as an Adjective), or even otherwise, are generally
used with out the case-signs ܽ and ܽ (cf 97-f):
ť (ܽ
) ڽ ܽ ܾ `last night I returned late',
ڛ ܺ
ܽ? `where were you that day?'.
Similarly,
ܟܡ `at that time',
ܵ `at
this very moment, immediately',
ڛ `(on)
one day',
ڛܽ `in
those days' (where ڛܽ has retained the oblique form,
although ܽ has been dropped) etc.
- The same principle
is followed in the case of Nouns which denoote (unaided
by an Adjective) a specific time, and which are now felt
mor or less as ``original'' Adverbs (see 292 below). Thus,
`to-day, this day', ť `to-morrow' or `yesterday',
ܣܽ `day before yesterday' or `day after to-morrow',
etc. are used without ܽ or ܽ. Similarly, the Noun
when it denotes `last night', is used without ܽ
or ܽ.
- The suffixes
(or particles) ܰ and ܣ when attached to Nouns denoting
time, signify `only' and `the whole....' respectively (294-e-f).
Thus-
ܵ ܰ `just
a moment', ڛ ܣ `the whole day',
ܣ `the
whole night', ܵ ܣ `one whole hour'.
ܵ ܣ and ܥ
ܣ, however, are synonymous with ܵ ܰ. These Nouns
can be used as Adverbs without attaching ܽ :
ܣ ܟ
ţ ۾ `he works the whole night',
But,
ܽ ܟ ţ ۾ `he works at night',
ܺ ڛ ܣ
۽? `where were you the whole day?',
ܵ ܰ (or
ܵ ܣ) ܿ ܽ `stop here (for) a moment'.
- Of the Verbs
used as Adverbs, Participles (Present and Past) and the
Absolutive are the most frequent. See 241-244:
ܽ ܽ
`as soon as I came',
ܽ ܇ ۺ `since
he went',
ܟ܃ ܽţ `via
Bombay', etc.
- The more important
``Original'' Adverbs may be divided into the following groups
according to their meaning. Many of these are, in fact,
Nouns or Adjectives with case-signs (and modifications due
to them) omitted or dropped or worn out by use.
- Adverbs of
Time :
`to-day'
(also a noun)
ť `to-morroe'
or `yesterday' or `day afer to-morrow' (also anoun),
-ť `now-adays,'
Ϲܹڛ or
ܽ or ۣ ܽ `every day' (also noun),
(ܽ)
`afterwards',
ܝܽ `in
the morniing'(ܝܽ is a noun),
`at
dawn' ( is a noun),
ܣ-ܣ `again
and again,' `repeatedly',
ڟ or ܒ
or ܾ or ܺ `immediately,'
ܣܣ or
܊ܣ `continuously',
۟ܽ or
`always',
ţ `again',
`then',
ܡ: or Ƭܣ
`often',
şܩ: by degrees,
gradually',ܟܨ: `possibly', ť: accordingly,'
ܣܽ `three
days back or hence', (also a noun) and ܣܽ `four days
back or hence' (also a noun) are in use.
- Adverbs of
Place:
܊ܽ `before,
in front', `behind, at the back',
ܬ or ܈Œ
`near' ܬܜܬ `on all sides',
ڻ `far' ܟܛܽ `in
front',
ܣ `above', ܽ `below',
ܘ `together', ܊ `away,
apart',
ܹۛܽ `to
the right', ܡܽ `to the left',
ܽ `towards',
ܽ `this way'
ܽ `that
way', ܣ `across', ۣ `outside', ܣ or ڣ `inside'
etc.
(c)Adverbs of
anner:
Ŭ or ܛ܈
or ۬ or ܇ `suddenly, abruptly',
ܥ (ܽ) Quickly,
speedily', (ܽ) or -, `slowly, by degrees',
ܩ or ܲ
ܽsurely',
`exactly',
܍ or ܍ܟܺ `truely', ܘ, ܼ `in vain, vainly,'
ܾڥ `on foot'. şܩ: `by degrees'.
(d) Adverbs of
Degree:
ܥť `completely,
entirely,' ܡ: `almost',
܊ܞ܊ `almost,
nearly', ܣ `a little',
ܾ `more',
, Ũܥ, ܬ `only', etc.
293. Adverbs
of affirmation and Negation are:
,, ,
, , and
- is
the simple affirmative `yes',
is the
polite form, and
is
polite emphatic.
ܩ or ܲ
or ܩܡ `certainly, surely, undoubtedly,' are also affirmatives
ơܽ ?
`why not', ţ ? `then ?', ţ ơ ? or ܾ ơ? `what
else?' are similarly emphatic, the last three being informal
and colloquial.
- Of the three
negative Adverbs, can be used, the polite form being
or (slightly emphatic).
ơ ܾţ
ܡ ? ( ).
ܽ !
: is used as an emphatic negative reply, denoting surprise,
disapproval etc. ơ ܺܛܽ ܽ ܝ ۾ ?
ܽ! `have you taken my book?' `No indeed!' See 294-c
In negative
sentence, is used in the Indicative and the Presumptive
moods only : ܡ, ܅,
ܡ ܽ etc. But ܻ ܇ (Oprative) and ܻ
(Imperative) etc. are wrong. In the negative present
and present perfect forms, ۾ is usually omitted :
ܗ ܾ ܡ ۾? ܽ ܡ. In the progressive
forms, however, ۾ is not omitted : ۾.
See 191.
- is used
only in the Imperative and is somewhat curt. As a mild prohibitive,
is more idiomatic. In the Optative, is almost exclusively
the choice :
ܻ ,
ܺ ܂ܽ, ܜ ܃ (Imperative);
܇,
܅ (Optative).
- .... `neither......nor'
as a conjunction (302-a-ii) is common for all tenses and
moods, and are not used in this sense. ܽ
ܡ ܡ ; ܻ ܾ, ܽ, ܽ .
- is used
as the final word in an Interrogative sentence to denote
affirmation, or when an affirmative answer is expected :
ܜ ܽ ܘ
ܥܽܽ ? `you will come with me, won't you
?'.
- , (or
), (or ) are also used as Nouns, usually feminine
:
ܽ
ţ `I accepted', (lit, `I said `yes')',
ܽ
ţ `I refised' (lit. `I said `no')'.
PARTICLES
- Besides the
Verb- (or Adverb-) modifying Adverbs, which usually precede
the Verb they modify but can (if necessary) be separated
from it, there are a number of adverbial words of a subsidiary
nature, which are attached to a particular word inthe seentence
for denoting emphasis, contrast etc., and invariably follow
it. These are called `Particles'. They can usually be attached
to any word in the sentence.
The more important
Hindi particles are the following :
- denotes
either emphasis or is equivalent of `alone' (as in `you
alone', `he alone' etc.) :
ܟ ܡ
۾ `to be sure, it is Ram who has come' or `Ram
alone (only) has come'.
Pronouns
and pronominal Adjectives and Adverbs combined with
have already been discussed (118-29, 284). For ܜ
(used both as an Adjective and as an Adverbs combined
with have already been discussed (118-29, 284). For
ܜ (used both as an Adjective and as an Adverb),
see 109 (a).
Further
uses of will be illustrated by the following sentences:
ܽ ܽ
ܽ ܊ ܡ `as soon as I came, the thief
ran away',
`I was just leaving',
܅
`I will go',
ܡ
` I did go',
ܟ
ţ ܽ `this work will have to be done
to-day',
ܜ Ŭܽ
? ۻ `how are you ?' `Fairly well, (possibly),'
ܛܽ ܣ
ơ ܡ, ܽܥ `he didn't just drink Sherbat,
he emptied
ܥ
ţ (drained ) the bottle itself (the entire
bottle)',
Ŏ ڛܽ
ܽ `in a very few days',
Ŏ ܾ
`something quite different'.
- = `also'.
But note the following special uses :
ܡ ܾ ܟ ܛ `in spite of my
going there, I did not succeed',
ܺ ܂ܽܽ
ܾؽ ܽܽ ` will you go or just keep
sitting ?',
ܛܽ
ܽ or ۛܽ ܽ `do let it go (be), (it is not
worthwhile)'.
= `even'
in such sentences as -
ܡ `he did not even come here'.
ܽ
`anyone', ܽ `whosoever (relative), Ŏ
= `anything', ܽ `even thus', `even otherwise',
ţ `yet eveb so' (conjunction 302-b-ii),
`even now', ܝ `even then, even so', (conjunction
302-b-ii), `even now', ܝ `even then, even
so', ܝ `whensoever', `whersoever' (relative),
`anywhere', `in any place whatsoever'
etc.
- ܽ is emphatic,
sometimes denoting contrast :
ܡ
ܽ ۾ `he has come',
ۥܽ ܺܽ
ܛܽ ܽ ܽ `first let me go',
ܟ ܽ
ܽ ܺ܂ܽ `call Ram' or `just call Ram',
ܝ ܽ
ܥ, ťܟ `the book was found, (but) not
the pen',
ܽ
ܬ ܽ ܡ, ܣ ܽ `he did come near me,
but did not speak'.
As a negative
Adverb (293-b-ii). For the adverbial ܽ, ܽ 285-m;
for conjunctive ܽ, see 302-b-ii.
- ܈ = `even'.
ܛܽ ܰ
܈ ܉ `he did not even write a letter'.
For ܈ as
a preposition, see 299-d.
- ܣ denotes
`measuring a .....', `weighing a....', `a.....ful', etc.
In these senses,
it has the value of a suffix, forming Adjectives from
Nouns (295):
ܣ
Ŝ `cloth measuring a yard',
ܽ ܣ
ܨܥ `rice weighing a seer',
ܺ
ܣ `a handful of grain'.
ܣ also denotes
`the entire......', `the whole....', and `only', `just'.
In these senses,
it is to be regarded as a particle. (See 290-d):
ڽ ܣ
`the entire country', ܣ ܣ `the
whole day',
ܣ `the
whole night', ڛ ܣ `the whole day',
ܵ ܣ `just
a moment'.
ܛ
ܣ ţ ڽ `let him do obly (just) this much',
ܺܛܽ
܁ ܣ ۾, ܺ `you have only read,
not studied'.
In the two
sentences, ܣ can be replaced by . See 295 below.
- ܰ is
a Sanskrit suffix (originally the noun ܰ `measurement')
denoting `only' or `whole'. In Sanskrit, it used to be
attached to or tagged on to the main word :
ܹܟܰ
`just an agent or cause', ܟܰ `only learning',
ܵܺܰ `just a moment', ܩܟܰ `the entire universe',
ܛܨܟܰ `the entire humanity',
Hoowever,
in Hindi, ܰ has now come into use as an equivalent
of Ũܥ `only' or `only', `alone' and as a seprate
word : ܍ܬ ܇ ܰ `Rupees fifty only'. Now it
is also used before the main word :
ܰ
ܡ `only, I did not go there'.
- ܣ is, in
fact, the Absolutive (243) of the root `to fill' :
ܺ ܣ
= ܺ ܣ ţ filling the handful',
ܣ =
ܣ ţ filling (stretching) a yard measure' etc.
The meaning
`entire, whole' (and `only') has evolved out of `filling,
full'. It could, like the English-ful, be regarded as a suffix
but for the fact that it is still felt as a separate word,
and can, besides, be attached to Adjectives and Verbs, as
well as to Nouns (and be synonymous with ) cf. 294-e.
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