Editor & Web Master

Dr. R.K.Gupta
rajbhasha@yahoo.com
rajbhasha@hotmail.com

CHAPTER XXXIII

252. Hindi has a large numberof compound verbs..these, as already

noted (167), are formed by combining two, sometimes three or more, verbs.

of the two (or more) verbs of which a compound verb consists; the first one

usually is the main and the other (or the rest) subsidiary.the main verb

has either the root form;or the participle form or the Infinitive form.
Except when it is a Participle, the main root has the same for all Voices,
Moods, Tenses etc. All changes due to Voice, Mood, Tense and
construction affect only the Subsidiary Verb. Thus -

ܛܽ ܊ `he started singing',

ܛܽ ܊ `she started singing',

۟ ܛܽ ܊ܽܽ `we shall start singing',

ܺ ܛܽ ܊ܽ ܽ `you start singing',

܁ ܺ `I have finished reading',

܁ ܺŊ `she will have finished reading'.

But ܛ ܥ ۾ `he is going on (continuously) eating',

ܥ ۾ `she is going on eating',

253. As already stated (170), the Subsidiary Verbs help to modify
the `aspect' or the nature of the action denoted by the main Verb :

ܽ `to sleep', ܽ ܛ `to fall asleep'., (Effectuve Aspect; or

Completive);

ܛ `to eat ܛܽ ܊ܛ `to start eating', (Inceptive or Inchoative Aspect);

ܛ `to come', ܡ ţ `to come frequently', (Frequentative Aspect).

۾ `he is coming' is Progressive Aspect with a special form. See 262.

Some Subsidiary Verbs help to change the Voice of the main Verb,
usually from Active to Passive :

ܽ `to lose', ܽ (or ܽ) ܛ `to get lost'. See Chapter XIV.

254. The Compound Verbs may be divided into four groups according to the form of main Verb ; viz.; (1) Bare Root (i.e. Absolutive without ţ), (2) Infinitive, (3) Present Participle, and (4) Past Participle.

The various aspects will be noted while discussing each group.

255. It is important to remember that, whether the main root is Transitive or Intransitive, a compound Verb admits of objectival construction (with a past participle) only it the Subsidiary is Transitive. Thus :

ܽ ܡ `I took tea' (objectival construction),

ܽ ܡ `I have taken tea' (objectival construction because is trans.)

But, ܡ ܺ `I have finished taking tea' (subj. constr.because ܺ is intrans.).

  1. Main Verb: Bare - Root (Absolutive Form)

256. In the compound verbs of this class, the main Verb has the absolutive
form without ţ (243) which is identical with its root form, and
remains unchanged. The subsidiary Verbs commonly used are as follows :-

(b) ܛ `to come' retains part of its own meaning while indicating
completion of an action (denoted by the main Verb). It also denotes
(with an Intransitive Verb) `to come to' or `to be about to', in
which sense its past tense has the force of the present or the present perfect :

ܟ ţ ܡ `I come having done the work,'

ܛ ܡ `I come having taken the meal,'

ܽ ڽ ܡ ۻ `I have come having seen him',

ܟ܃ ܽ ܡ ۻ `I have been to Bombay',

ܺ, ܣ ܽ ܂ܽ `You go to the market and come back',

(lit. `you come back after having been to the market').

ܽ `to take' + ܛ gives ܛ `to bring', although ܽ ܛ `to fetch' is
also in use. (Note the difference in the meaning) ܛ does not consequently
admit of objectival construction in the past tense (199).

(c) ܛ `to go' indicates `completion' besides making passives (Chapter XIV):

ܾ ܝ ڻ ܅Š `I shall drink off the entire milk',

ܻ ܝ ܁ ܡ `he read the entire book',

܃ `Sita has come'.

In some cases, ܛ retains part of its own meaning besides
denoting completion:

ܾţ ܛ ܟ ţ ܡ ۾ `the servant has done his work and gone',

ܽ Ŝٽ ܽ ܡ `the washerman took away the clothes'.

(d) ؛ `to arise, to get up' indicates `(suddenly) start to....'

`(suddenly) he started singing',

܍ ܽ `the child (suddenly, unexpectedly) started crying'.

(e) ܾ؛ `to sit' indicates `to do something (undesirable in desperation,
without forethougth, or suddenly, or completely, or forcibly':

ܽ ܿ ţܽ, ܽ ܣ ܾؽ `do not bother him otherwise he
will (get desperate and) strike',

ơ ţ ܾ `what (aweful thing) have I done'!

ܾ he suddenly got up',

(f) ܽ `to take' denotes `completnion' of some action, mainly `for in
the interest of oneself':

ܾܽ ܡ ` I have taken my meal',

ܽ ܽ `to finish off sleeping',

ܽ ܽ `to finish off crying',

ܽ ܽ `to take away (for oneself)',

The compound ܽ ܽ `to be completed' is passive.
ܟ ܽ ܽ, ܝ ۟ ܽܽ `we shall go after this work is done'.
However, in the phrase ܘ ܽ ܽ `to accompany', it is Active:

ܾ ܈ ܘ ܽ ܡ `I accompanied him'.(g) ڽ `to give'denotes
`completion' of an action `for someone else';

ܾܽ ܜ܈ ܟ ţ ڡ `I (have) completed your work (for you)';

ܺܽ ܛ ܝ ڽ ڽ `he will give (away) his book to me';

(ڽ as main, as well as subsidiary).

ڽ may also denote `to start to .....'. with an Intransitive main verb:

ܽ ڡ `he started crying',

ܥ ڡ `he started to go'.

Notice the difference;

ܾܽ ܰ ܁ ܡ `I read the letter',

ܾܽ ܰ ܁ ڡ `I read out the letter (for someone who could not
or would not read it himself)'.

(h) ܌ `to fall' denotes ` suddenness, chance, happening':

¬ `he burst out laughing',

ܾ ܣ `I fell down (happening':

It also makes passives with the added sense of `happening':

ܛ ۾ `it seems.........',

ڻ ܣ ` at a distance, a mountain come into view',

means `to befall, to happen to come (unexpectedly)'.

ܛ `to be made' + means `to be possibole':

ܺܬܽ ܽ ܛ ܾܽ š `I did whateverv I could'.

  1. ܥܛ `to throw, is combined with Transitive Verbs and indicates
    `completion' with vehemence and within a short time:

ܛܽ ܽ ܒ ܥ `he cut away the tree',

܍ܽ ܽ ܽ ܥ `the child broke the mirror to pieces'.

Similarly, ܣ ܥܛ `to kill off', ܥܛ `eat up',
ܥܛ `to drink off' etc.

(j) ۛ `to live, to continue, is sused for forming the progressive
aspect. See 262.

(k) ܈ťܛ `to emerge, to come out' denotes `to happen to....', to start to.....':

ܥ ܈ť `the carriage started moving',

ܽ ܰ ܣ ܈ť `my friend happened to come this side'.

(l) ܈ś, which is not used independently, denotes `to be able to......'

This is one of the most frequently used subsidiaries (intransitive):

܈ ۻ `I can sing',

ơ ܈Ŋ `will he be able to come?'.

(m) ܺś `to be finished or exhausted' (passive) denotes `completion'.
As a Subsidiary, it is Active and Intransitive :

ܝ ܁ ܺ, ܝ `he got up only after he had finished reading',

ť ܈ ܟ ţ ܺŊ `I shall have finished this work by to-morrow'.

(n) ܣ `to die', is, as a Subsidiary, combined with such main
Verbs as ܥ - `burn', ٻ - `be drowned';

ܥ ܣ `he was burnt (or burnt himself) to death',

ٻ ܣ `he drowned himself'.

ܣ and ܣ denote unwanted or undersirable coming and going.

(o) ܣ `to beat or kill' as a Subsidiary denotes `thoughtlessness'
or `carelessness':

ܺܛܽ ơ ܉ ܣ ? `what non-sense have you written?'

(p) ܛ `to find, to obtain' is synonymous with ܈ś `The subject,
however, does not attach ܽ (or-):

ܟ ܈ ܇ `he will not be able to come bythis evening',

ܛ ܟ ţ ܡ `I could not do my work'.

  1. ܥܛ `to move' as a Subsidiary denotes `beginning';

    2. ܽ ܿ ܽ ܥ `nights began growing longer',

    ܺÁ ܽ ܥ `he is growing old'.

  2. ܛ `to keep, to place, as a Subsidiary debites `priority or
    precedence (in time)':

ܽ ܰ ܉ ۾ `I have kept the letter ready (written)' :

ܽ ܾţ ܽ ۾ `I have given standing instructions to the servant'.

  1. Main Verb: Infinitive

257. This group can be divided into two sub-groups-

  1. where the main Verb has an unodified infinitive form and
  2. where the main Verb has the oblique form(i.e. - ܽ instead of - of the Infinitive).

258. The more important subsidiaries combined with a main Verb
in unmodified Infinitive form are as follows :-

  1. ۛ `to want' retains its meaning. See 237-c note (i).

    2. ܛ ۻ `I want to go',

    ܽ ܽ ܽܛ ۾ `the boy wants to play with a ball'.

    ڬ ܏ܛ ܽ [also ܏ ܽ (See 261) `it is about to strike ten'.
    [lit. `the ten (hours) want to strike'].

  2. With the Verbs , ܽ and ܹۇ, the Infinitive is used as an
    Adjective. See 238 and 270.

259. The subsidiaries frequently combined with a main Verb in the oblique form are :-

  1. ܊ܛ (Intransitive) denotes `to begin to .....', and is very frequently used :

    2. ܛܽ ܊ `he started (to go)',

    ܟ ܽڛܽ ܊ `he began to dig the ground'.

  2. ڽ `to give' denotges `to permit to.....,' `to let....':

    3. ܟ ܽ ܁ܽ ܽ `let Ram study',

    ܺܽ ܛܽ ڹ܇ `please allow me to go,'

    ܽ ܽ ţܽ `I did not allow him to say anything'.

  3. ܛ `to obtain' denotes `to be able to' `to be permitted to....',

(usually negative)

Ŏ ţܽ ܡ `I was not able to do anything',

ܺ ܛܽ ܂ܽܽ `you will not be allowed to go'.

  1. Main Verb : Present Participle

260. The main Verb as a Present Participle is affected by the Number
and the Gender of the subject, or of the object. Compound Verbs with
the main Verb in the Present Participle form have the following subsidiaries :

  1. ܛ denotes `to go on doing something':

    2. ܽ ܁ ۾ `the malady goes on aggravating'.

  2. ۛ denotes `continue to do something as a habit' :

    3. ܝܽ ܽ ܟ ܈ ܟ `he keeps working from moning till

    ţ ۾ eveving'.

    Note : ܛ compounds refer to a particular act and ۛ compounds to a habit.

    For the progressive use of ۛ, see 262.

  3. ܛ denotes `continuity' form some past time until the present and
    into the futuer:

    4. ۟ ܣܽ ܽ ܽ ܡܽ `we have been living here for years'.

    The sense is almost that of a present perfect. The compound is used only
    in the persent perfect and past perfect.

  4. ܛܛ denotes `possible to do' (passive, see 274).

The present participle has the oblique form, and has the sense of a Noun:

ܺܬܽ ܽ ܛ `I do not find it possible (or desirable) to go there'.

(ܽ in the above sentence is adverbial or absolutive (cf.241-d).

  1. Main Verb : Past Participle

261. The main Varb as past participle is affected by the Number and Gender of the subject, or of the object.

The important subsidiaries are as follows :-

  1. ܛ retains its meaning (`to come'), while denoting `imminence' or `immediacy':

    2. ܰܺ ܁ ۾ `the enemy is advancing (on us)',

    ڥ ܣ ܽ ۾ `clouds are fast gathering'.

    ܥ ܛ means `to come away' or `to come this way'.

  2. ܛ combined with an Intransitive main Verb denotes
    `going to...' `about to.....'

    3. ܽ ܣ ۻ¿ `I am about to die of pain',

    ܃ ۾ `the train is about to come'.

    ܥ ܛ means `to go away'.

    This use of ܛ with a past participle is not to be confused with
    the passive forms, (272).

  3. `to fall down' is usually combined with Verbs having a
    similar meaning, viz. `to fall down' and denotes `about to ....', `going to...':

    4. ܣ ۾ `the girl is about to fall down',

    ܽ ۻ `I am going to jump into the river',

  4. ţ denotes `frequency' or habitual action':

    5. ܛ ܽ ܁ ţܽ `(make it a habit to) read attentively',

    ڽ ţ ܥ ţܽ `(always) look about when you walk'.

  5. ۛ combined with a past participle (having a passive sense)
    denotes `continuity of a state' :

    6. ܒ ܣ `he kept lying on the bed',

    ܝ ܽ ܣ ۾ `the book is always lying on the table'.

  6. ۛ `to want' denotes `imminence':

    7. ܫ ܡ ۾ `it is about to start raining',

    ڬ ܏ ܽ it is about to strike ten'.

    With the following subsidiaries, the main Verb has the oblique
    form of the Past participle :-

  7. ܛ denotes `continuity or imminent completion' :

    8. ܛ ܟ Ň ܂ܽ `continue to do your work',

    œ ܽ ܽ ܊ܥܽ ۾ `the snake is about to swallow up the frog'.

    ܽ ܝܽ ܇ ۾ ` he is taking away my books'.

  8. ܽ denotes `imminent completion of something for oneself':

    9. ܁ ܽ ۻ `I shall read this lesson in no time,'

    ܝ ܛ ܇ ܽ ۾ `he is about to finish off the entire food'.

  9. ڽ similarly denotes `imminent completion of an action for some one else':

    10. ܜ܈ ܟ Ň ڽ ۻ `I shall finish your work in no time'.

    (j) ܥܛ denotes `imminent completion':

    ܈ ܺܽ ܣ ܥܽ `the robbers are about to kill me',

  10. ۛ denotes `continuity of a state or of a completed action':

܇ ۾ `he is always drunk',

ܽ ۛܽ ۾ he always has a coat on'.,

Note: (1) Compound Verbs noted in (a) - (d) can be used only
in the imperative, in the present or in the habitual past. Those
noted in (g) - (i) can be used only in the present and the
habitual past. ܥ ܛ (a) and ܥ ܛ (b), however, can be
used without restriction.
  1. It will be seen from the above discussion that the aspects most
    frequently met with in Hindi are those of completion frequency,
    beginning, continuity, permission, desire etc. The technical names
    for these are, in order : Effective (Completive), Frequentative (or Iterative), Inceptive (or Inchoative), Continuative, Permissive and Desiderative.

Apart from the Tgerminate aspect, which has no special froms (170-d), the most important aspect, however, is the Progressive which is discussed below in detail.

PROGRESSIVE FORM (ۛ )

    1. (a) ۛ as stated above (256-i 260 261-e and k) can be combined with a main Verb which is eighter in the asbsolutive (root) form, or in the present form or in the participle form:
    1. ۾ `he is going',
    2. ۾ `he keeps going (habitually),
    3. ܾ ۾ `he keeps sitting',
    4. ܽ ۛܽ ۾ `he keeps wearing a coat,

(b)of these, (1) alone dontes an action in progress or in process not yet complited. of the other three forms, (2) denotes a habit (not an action in progress), while (3) and (4) denote continuity of a state. Only (1), therefore, can form the progressive aspect.

  1. It is to be noted that, while (2), (3) and (4) can be used in all Tenses and Moods ( ۽, ܥ , ܾؽ ۽, ۛܽ ܽ etc.) in the progressive sense, the Subsidiary ۛ is always in the past participle form (with the usual fem. and pl. modifications). Besides, it can be used only in the present and the habitual past ( ۾ - ) or in the Subjective forms ܽ, ܽ, ܽ, ܽ, ܽ, ܽ.
  2. In fact, is to be regarded as a past participle form of the compound + ۛ, and as equivalent to ۺ. This is clear from the fact that a present participle when used as an Adjective denotes the progressive aspect with the help of forms like ۺ, ۺ etc. (241).

    3. It may also be noted that the rare progressive of the simple past (when used as future conditional) is ۺ. (322).

  3. It is evident from the above that Hindi Verbs have a regular progressive form only in those Tenses and Moods which are made with the help of a present participle. These are :-

۾ ( ۾) Present Indicative,

( ) Habitual Past-Indicative,

ܽ ( ܽ) Present Potential,

ܽ ( ܽ) Present Contingent,

ܽ ( ܽ) Present Presumptive.

The forms in these Tenses are, of course, of the nature of a compound Verb. But having a special form and being so frequently used, they are on par with the common forms ( ۾ etc.).

263. Of the remaining Moods and Tenses,

    1. the Imperative has no progressive form;
    2. the Indicative Past has no progressive form - except the rare
      conditional ۺ [262-d and 322-c];
    3. the Indicative Future progressive is identical with the presumptive progressive ܽ (but, obviously, for fear of confusion,
      it is seldom used);
    4. the Present Perfect has no progressive form;
    5. the Past Perfect -do-
    6. the Optative -do-
    7. the Past Potential -do-
    8. the Past Presumptive -do-
    9. the Past Contingent -do-
    10. the Past Participle -do-
    11. the Present Participle, when used as an Adjective, makes its
      progressive either with ۺ ( ۺ) or, less commonly with
      ( , see 262-d and 326);
    12. the Infinitive has no progressive form;
    13. the Progressive forms of compound Verbs are made by putting
      the Subsidiary Verbs in the progressive, where possible;
    14. the Progressive forms of Passive are similarly made by putting
      ܛ in the progressive, where possible.

Verbs Compounded with Nouns or Adjectives

264. (a) There are a number of Nouns and Adjectives which can be combined with Verbs like - ţ `to do', ܽ `to be', and ڽ `to give' for denoting a single verbal idea. Thus:-

ܟ `forgiveness' + ţ `to do' denotes `to forgive',

`memory' + ܽ `to be' denotes `to remember',

ډ܃ `view, sight' + ڽ `to give' denotes `to be seen, to come to view'.

  1. It is important to remember that Nouns or Adjectives, when
    combined with a Verb, forego their independent existence and
    become a part of the Verb. They have, consequently, no grammaticl
    relation with any other word in the sentence. Thus, in a sentence
    like ܟ ܽ ܟ ţ ۻ `I forgive Ram', the Noun ܟ is a component
    of the Verb, and is not related to or ܟ nor is it the object of ţ. ܟ, obviously, is the object of the Verb ܟ ţ. (because ţ does
    not take two objects), or as a predicative word referring to the
    object (because ܟ and ܟ do not refer to the same thing. See 64.

  2. In contrast with the above, in a sentence like ܽܛ ţ ۻ `I take meal',
    ܽܛ ţ is not compound since here ܽܛ is obviously the
    object of ţ and has its own existence. In the same way,
    ܟ ţ `to do work' is not a compound since ܟ does have an independent existence in such sentences as ܽ ܜ܈ ܟ š `I did your work'
    (where ܟ is related to ܜ and is not a component of the Verb).

  3. It is not, therefore, justifiable to regard every Verb that is frequently
    combined with a Noun or an Adjective, as a Compound. The name `Compound (Verb)' must be restricted to the Verbs of the type of ܟ ţ. No rules, however, can be laid down for identifying a true Compound. It is
    purely a matter of usage.
  1. The verbs most frequently combining with a Noun or an Adjective
    are ţ, ܽ, ܛ, ۛ, and ܊ܛ.

    2. some of the frequently combining with a Noun or an Adjective
    are ţ, ܽ, ܛ, ۛ, and ܊ܛ.

    Some of the frequently used compounds made with ţ are :-

    ܣ ţ `to accept, to admit',

    ܟ ţ `to forgive',

    ܣ (ܺ) ţ `to begin',

    ţ `to see off, to bid farewell to'.

    All these are Transitive. The Objects, if animate, have the oblique
    case with ܽ (or ) ; if inanimate, they are in the direct case :

    ܽ ܽ ܽ ܟ š `I forgave the thief' (neutral construction),

    ܣ ţܽ `begin the lesson',

    ܛܽ ܰ ܽ š `he saw the friend off'.

    ţ `to recall' and ܛ `to keep in memory' may also
    be noted [C : ܽ or ۛ, noted under 266 (a) and (d) below.]

    ܽ ĩܣ ܽ š `I recalled (i.e. prayed) to God',

    ܟ ܽ `Ram (always) remembered this', but

    ܺܽ ܛܽ ܣ ܃ `I thought of my home' is not a compound

  2. ܽ, ܛ, ܊ܛ and ۛ form Intransitive compounds are of a
    passive nature although of active formation. The action, state etc.
    denoted by them is represented as experienced, suffered, enjoyed,
    felt etc. by or happening to, the subject which is placed in the oblique
    case with ܽ or- (See 97).

Whatever the subject suffers or experiences, or whatever happens to him,
is represented as taking place of itself, not as done by anybody. The thing
suffered or experienced is placed in the direct case and the Verb agrees with it.

  1. ܽ forms a large number of such compounds :-

    2. ں: ܽ `to feel unhappy',

    ܿܽ ܽ `to feel satisfied',

    ܈ܣ ܽ `to have (enjoy) the right',

    ܽ `to happen to remember',

    ܽ `to happen to know',

    ܟ ܽ `to have to do',

    ܽ ܽ `to be in senses',

    ܺܣ ܽ `to have fever',

    ܺܽ ܣ ں: ۺ `I felt unhappy (at this)',

    ܟ ܽ ܿܽ ۾ `Ram is satisfied',

    ܝ܈ܽ - ܈ܣ `all have the same right',

    ܺܽ ۾ `I remember',

    ܺܽ ۾ `I know',

    ܽ ۺ ܟ ۾ `he has a lot to do',

    ܍ܽ ܽ ܺܣ ۾ `the child has fever',

    ܽ ܽ ۾ `heis not in his senses (has swooned)'.

    Note : A few compounds of ܽ which do not refer to a thing suffered, experienced etc. are Active :

    ܣ (or ܺ) ܽ `to begin' (Intransitive),

    ܽ `to take leave',

    ܽ ܁܃ ť ܺ ܽ `my studies will begin to-morrow',

    ۟ ܰܽ ܽ ۺ `we took leave of our friends'.

  2. ܛ similarly denotes `to get (intrans.)...', `(to begin) to feel...' :

    3. ܽ (or ܺ) ܛ `to get angry',

    ܏ ܛ `to (begin to) feel ashamed',

    ܛ `to recall',

    ܺܣ ܛ `to get fever',

    ܽ ܛ `to come to senses',

    ڡ ܛ `to feel pity',

    ܽ ܽ (ܺ) ܡ `father got angry'

    ܽ ܏ ܃ `the girl felt ashamed',

    ܽ ܽ ܺܣ ۾ `he gets fever everyday',

    ܽ ܉ܣ ܣ ڡ ܃ `mother felt pity for the beggar'.

    Note : ܟ ܛ `to be of use' = ܟ ܽ ܛ `to come into use' :

    ܝ ܽ Ŭ ܟ ܇ ? `of what use will this book be to me?'

  3. ܊ܛ combines with Adjectives as well as with Nouns :

    4. ܻ ܊ܛ `to feel hungry',

    ܬ ܊ܛ `to feel thirsty',

    ܊ܛ `to like',

    ܺ ܊ܛ `to dislike',

    ܊ܛ `to come to know'.

    Note : Adjectives when combined with ܊ܛ agree with the object in
    Gender and Number.

    ܍ܽ ܽ ܻ ܊ ۾ `the child is hungry',

    ܟ ܽ ť ܊ܽ `Ram likes fruits',

    ܺܽ ܽ ܺ ܊ ۾ `I dislike noise',

    ۟ܽ ܊ ۾ ... `we have come to know that...'

  4. ۛ denotes `continuity':

ۛ `to continue to remember',

ܺܣ ۛ `to have constant fever',

ܽ ۛ `to remain in senses',

ܺܽ ۽ `I shall always remember',

ܽ ܺܣ ۾ `he has constant fever'.

  1. ڽ and are combined with certain Abstract Nouns (derived form Verbs) ending in - ܃ [App. I 8 (5)].

    2. ډ܃ ڽ or `to come into view, to be seen',

    ܺ܃ ڽ or `to be heard',

    šܽ ܿ ܺܽ Ŏ ډ܃ ڽ `I cannot see anything in this darkness',

    ܛ ܽ ܽ ۺ ܽ ܽ ډ܃ ڡ `he happened to see a lion while going
    through the forest'.

  2. The Verbs discussed above differ from the normal passive Verbs
    inasmuch as the latter are formed by combining a past participle with the subsidiary ܛ (or are passive by nature) and have their logical subject
    always in the oblique form with ܽ. Also, the normal passives denote
    action on the part of their logical subject, not experience.

    3. See next chapter.

  3. The following exceptional compounds are noteworthy :-
  1. is also combined withthe roots ڽ (), ܺ and ܛ and
    with the Adjective ܥܻ `known' (and has the same sense as in 267) :

    2. ڽ or = ډ܃ `to be seen',

    ܺ = ܺ܃ `to be heard',

    ܛ and ܥܻ (ܽ) denote `to seem' or `to become known;"

    ܛ ۾...... `it seems that......'

    ܺܽ ܥܻ ۺ `I came to know this only now'. (lit. `this
    became known to me only now)',

  2. ܛ `to be seen' can combine with any object; it has the same
    sense as ډ܃ ڽ (ډܛ is dialectic and should be avoided).
  3. ܥܛ `to meet', when combined with an object, has a passive sense,
    `to be found or obtained or given or to be met' :

    4. ܺܽ ܣ ܡ ܥ `I found a rupee (lying) on the road',

    ܝ ܺܽ ܟ ܽ ܥ `I got this book as a prize',

    ܟ ܽ ܏ ܥ `a severe punishment was given to Ram',

    ܺܽ ܛ ܣ ܛ ܰ ܥ `I happened to meet my friend at the station',

    But , ܛܽ ܰ ܽ ܥ `I met (visited) my friend'.

  4. ơ ۺ? denotes `what happened (to) ....?' :

܍ܽ ܽ ơ ۺ? `what happened to the child?'

Similarly, Ŏ ۺ `something happened (to)......'
  1. (a) and ܽ (and the substantive ) combine with infinitives
    (as already noted 238) and denote `necessity, obligation, requirement' etc.
    The compounds thus made are passive in meaning. The subject has

ܟ ܽ ܛ `Ram had to go',

ܺܽ ܿ܃ ܛ ܽ `I shall have to go to Bombay'.

ܾţ ܽ ܏ܣ ܛ `the servant hjad to go to the market'.

The Infinitives here are used as Abstract Nouns.
  1. However, when an Infinitive is Transitive, it is used as an Adjective
    to its object and changes its ending - to- or - ne according as the
    object is Feminine (sg. or pl.) or Masculine pl. The subsidiaries also
    agree with the object in Number and Gender :

ܽ ڨ `the boy will have to take medicine',

ܺܽ ܰ ܉ܛܽ ܽ `I had to write three letters'.

Note : It is not correct to say ܍ܽ ܽ ڨ or ܺܽ ܰ ܉ܛ
as is sometimes done on the analogy of Intransitive Infinitives
(ܛ , ܛ etc. [see (a) above] which are Nouns.

(c)ܹۇ `is wanted' or `ought to be.....' is a true passive (see 277)
It can be combined with a Noun in the first sense (`is wanted')
and with an Infinitive (noun, if Intransitive and Adjective, if
Transitive) in the second sense. The subject has ܽ (or-) :

ܟ ܽ ܝܽ ܹۇ `Ram wants books' (literally, books are
wanted by (for) Ram)',

ܺ۽ ơ ܹۇ `what do you want ? (What is wanted by you ?),

ܜ܈ܽ ܛ ܹۇ `you ought togo' (Infinitive Noun),

ܜ܈ܽ ܝܽ ܁ ܹۇ `you ought to read books' (Infinitive Adjective).

Note : (i) ܝܽ ܁ ܹۇ is as incorrect as ڨ [see (b) above].

  1. However, ܹۇ does not modify (as܁ and ܽ do). ܹۇ as a plural of ܹۇ (ܜ܈ܽ ܝܽ ܁ ܹۇ) is occasionally met with, but had better be doscarded (see 258-b).
  1. ܛ in the sense `to be known' usually combines with Infinitives and some pronouns like ơ, etc. :

ܺ܈ܽ ܁ ۾? `do you know how to read?'

ܺܽ Ŏ `I know nothing',

ܽ ܽܛ `the boy doesn't even know how to speak'.