CHAPTER XXXII

246. (a) As stated earlier (166), most of the Hindi Verbs may, by slightly modifying their forms, signify Causation of the action etc. denoted by them. :

2. Since ``causing something tobe done'' is an action which must be directed towards somebody, all Causative Verbs are invariably Transitive.

3. The Causatives are made by adding an - �� either to the bare root or to its modified form (249_.
   
   
4. A Causative Verb has the same forms (Voice, Moods etc.) as an ordinary Transitive Verb.

247. (a) Many Verbs have an additional Causal form, usually called ``the Second Causal'' which is made by adding - ��� to the bare root or to its modified form.

(b) It must, however, be remembered that the second causal form is restricted to such verbs whose first causals denote real activity on the part of their `doer', not merely `getting something done.' Thus, the first causal of �܁���� `to study, to learn' is �܁�ܛ�� `to teach' which is a real activity on the part of the teacher, not merely `making (the student) learn' (which can be done by anybody who is able to persuade or frighten the students to learn!). This verb, therefore may form a second causal, �܁���ܛ�� which would mean `to get a student taught (by a teacher)'. Similarly, the first causal of ��ܣ��� `to fall' is ��ܣܛ�� `to fell', which denotes an activity on the part of the person (a labourer etc.) who fells (a tree etc.), and not merely ``directing or presuading (a tree etc.) ``to fall''. This, accordingly, can have a second causal ��ܣ��ܛ�� which would mean ``to get (a tree etc.) felled (by a labourer etc.)'' . On the other hand, in the case of a root like �ţ��� `to do', the first causal `�ţܛ��' to get done' does not denote an activity on the part of the subject, but merely an order or a direction to somebody (a servant etc.) to do something. This verb, therefore, cannot have a second causal. Its second causal form �ţ��ܛ�� is (unfortunately) in existence, but is identical in meaning with the first causal �ţܛ��. Many such ``false'' second causals are in common use. They have, in fact, been formed on the analogy of ``true'' second causals (like �܁���ܛ��, ��ܣ��ܛ�� etc.), and should be treated as mere alternative forms (which had better be discarded) of the first causals. Under 249, all the ``false'' causals have been given in brackets.

248. There are also some ``false'' first causals. These verbs, which look like the first causals of certain simple verbs are simple verbs themselves; while what look like the original verbs, are their passive forms; thus ��ܒ��� `to cut ' looks like the first causal of �Œܛ��. `to be cut' (and has been mentioned as such by almost all the grammarians!) But, as the meaning clearly indicates, �Œ��� is the passive form of ��ܒ���, and not its ``root.'' ��ܒ��� consequently cannot be called a causative. �Œܛ��, `to get (something) cut is the first causal of ��ܒ��� `to cut' not the second causal of �Œ��� as is commonly supposed. Verbs of the nature �Œ��� which have a passive meaning without having the normal passive formation (See Chapter XIV) may be called (from the point of view of Hindi), `original passives.' They are always intransitive. Some of the frequently used original passives are-

For further particulars, see 274.

249. The first causal forms are made by appending an-�� to the root which, in some cases, is slightly modified. The second causal is formed by appending -��� to the root, or to its modified form. The modification fo the root is similar in both the cases.

1. Roots ending in a consonant and having the first vowel short remain unchanged.

The second causal form given below in bracket is ``false'' and may be regarded as identical with the first causal (248).

Simple 1st Causal 2nd Causal

2. If the first vowel of a root is long, it changes to the corresponding short. � and �ܽ change to � and � respectively. But �� and �ܾ remain unchanged :
   

Note :- �ډܥ�ܛ�� for �ډ�ܛ�� and ��܉ܥ�ܛ�� for ��܉�ܛ�� are Colloquial. The - ��� forms should be restricted to the roots ending in a vowel [See (c) below.]

(ii) ��ܽ�ܛ�� changes it meaning in the causal form. �ܺ��ܛ�� `to call' does not have a causal relationwith ��ܽ�ܛ�� `to speak'. The latter, however, has the second causal form �ܺ�ܨ�ܛ�� meaning `to cause to speak'.

3. The root �ܾ؛�� `to sit' has five forms for the first causal : �ܾ�ܛ�� ����ܛ��, ���إ�ܛ��, and �ܾ�ܥܛ�� of which only the first two are acceptable.

1. Roots ending in a long vowel shorten the same and append a-��� instead of an - �� in the first Causal. The second Causal, consequently, adds a - �ܨ�� instead of a ��� and � and ��� change to � and �. In the following list, `False' second causals are given in brackets.
   

(ii) �ܽ��� `to take' has the exceptional form ��ܨ�ܛ��.

(iii) ��ܽ��� `to sow' has the exceptional form �ܺ�ܛ�� or �ܺ��ܛ��. ��ܽ�ܛ�� is dialectical.

(b) The following forms may be noted :-

Active Causal Passive

2. ���ܛ�� the Causal of ��ۛ�� `to say', is passive and means `to be called '. ��ۥ�ܛ�� is thealternative form which had better be restricted to mean `to cause to tell '. See Ch. XIV.

250. (a) As mentioned above, an Intransitive Verb becomes Transitive in the first Causal : �܍��� ��ܽ��� ۾ `the child sleeps', ��ܾ�ţܛ�� �܍�ܽ ��ܽ �ܺ������ ۾ `the maid-servant puts the child to sleep'. The original Subject (�܍��� etc.) assumes the role of the Object, which, if Animate, is placed in the Oblique Case with ��ܽ (97-b), and if Inanimate, in the Direct Case (94-c) : �܏�ڻ� �ܽ�� ��ܣ���� ۾ `the labourer fells the tree'.

(b) A Transitive Verb has two Objects in the first Causal-the original Object, and the original Subject. The original Object in such cases becomes the primary Object, ov course, has the Direct form and the secondary Object has the Oblique form with ��ܽ (94-c and 97-d):

�܍��� ڻ�� ������ ۾ `the child sucks (milk)',

���� �܍�ܽ ��ܽ ڻ�� ��ܥ����� ۾ `the mother suckles the child'.

Similarly, ����ܜ܈� �����ܹ��ġ�ܽ� ��ܽ ��܉ܛ�� ��܉����� ۾ ` the teacher teaches the students how to write'.

(c) This rule, however, holds good only with such first Causals as denote real activity on the part of the Subject (of the Causal), and not mere causation (getting something done). Where mere causation is denoted, the secondary Object (original Subject) functions as an `Agent' and has the Oblique form with �ܽ:

Neither `Ram' nor `I' does anything here, except to order or direct the servant and the washerman.

3. WHen a Verb of the type (a) has the second Causal form, the original Subject remains as it was in the first Causal form, namely, an Object, but the Subject of the first Causal has a �ܽ :-
   

Similarly,

4. In the case of a Verb of the type (b), the original Subject and the Object remain what they were in the first Causal, namely, secondary Object andy primary Object, while the Subject of the first Causal has �ܽ :-
   

251. (a) Some roots have no causal forms at all. Such are e.g.

Occasionally, they have a ``Substitute Causal'', some other Verb runctioning as a causal for them. Thus, �ܽ�ܛ�� `to send (to make to go)' is a Substitute Causal of ��ܛ�� `to go'; �ţ��� `to do, to make (to cause to be)' may function as a causal of �ܽ��� `to be'; and ڽ��� `to give (to cause to obtain)' that of ��ܛ�� `to obtain'.

(b) ��ܛ�� `to bring' makes its first Causal with the help of �ܽ��� : ��ܨ�� ��ܛ�� `to cause to bring'.