 |
239. Participles
are verbal adjectives qualifying noun (or pronoun) but retaining
some properties of verbs. Hindi has two kinds of Participles,
Present and Past.
240. (a) Formation
of Present and Past Participles has already been explained
in 185 and 195 :
|
ܥ `moving'
|
`eating'
|
|
`eating'
|
܁
`reading' |
| `coming' |
`going' |
etc. are Present
Participles.
|
ܥ `moved'
|
ܡ `eaten'
|
|
܁ `read'
|
ܡ `come' |
| ܡ `gone'
|
etc. are Past
Participles.
- Both the Participles
are affected by the Gender, the Number, and the Case of
the Nouns or Pronouns which they qualify. ܥ, ܥ
are Masc. sg., ܥ, ܥܽ; Masc. pl., ܥ and ܥ
Fem. sg. or pl. The oblique forms for Masc. sg. and pl.
is also ܥ, ܥܽ; Fem. forms remain unchanged in the
oblique.
241. (a) The Present
Participle can be used like an ordinary Adjective:
|
ܛ
ܽ ۾
|
`flowing
water is clean',
|
|
ܥ
ܣ ܁ܾ
|
`do
not board a running train', |
| ܥܽ
ťܽ ܽ ܽܽ |
`do
not pluck opening flowers.' |
- Occasionally,
however, (for the ske of clarity) a ۺ, ۺ or ۺ ťܽ
ܽ ܽܽ etc.
Both the Present
Participle and the Auxiliary ۺ (which is the Past Participle
form of ܽ) must agree with the Noun they qualify.
- Present Participles
can also be used as Adverbs (usually as Adverbs of time
and manner), in which case they have the oblique (-) form,
and are often repeated :
|
܁ܽ-܁ܽ
ܽ ܃
|
`she
fell asleep while reading',
|
|
ܛܽ ܥܽ-ܥܽ
ܺܬܽ
|
`while
starting (going), he told me', |
|
ܾܽ-ܾܽ ܈ ܡܽ |
`I
got tired while (on account of) running', |
| ڽܽ-ڽܽ
ܽ ܃ |
`while
looking on, the night fell'. |
- When a Present Participle
is used as part of the Predicate, it has an adverbial sense,
and consequently the oblique form :
|
ܾܽ
ܟ ܽ ܽ (ۺ) ڽ
|
`I
saw Ram (while he was) going',
|
|
ܛܽ
ܽ ܽ ܺ
|
`he
heard the girl (while she was) singing'. |
- With
, a Present Participle (oblique) denotes ``immediately after'',
``as soon as'' :
- A Present Participle,
like other Adjectives, can be used also as a Noun, in which
case it is declined like an - Noun (90) :
|
ٻܽ
ܽ ܍܂ܽ
|
`save
the drowning man',
|
|
ܽܽ
ܽ ¬ ۾
|
`he makes
the crying (persons) laugh'. |
242. (a) A Past
Participle can be used as an ordinary Adjective with or without
ۺ, ۺ, ۺ :
|
ܻܽ (ۺ)
ܽ ܣ ۽
|
`dry
(dried) leaves are falling',
|
|
ܽ
ܣ ۺ ܿ ڽ
|
`I saw a
dead snake', |
| ܽ ܽ
ť ܊ܽ ۺ |
`there are
fruits on the tree' (used predicatively). |
(b) It can be
used, like a Present Participle, as a Noun :
|
ܣܽ ܽ
ܣܽ.
|
`do
not strike those already dead',
|
|
܁-܉ܽ
ܽ ơ ܟܐܿ ܇?
|
`what advice
can be given to an educated (person)?' |
- The adverbial
use of a Past Participle is similar to that of a Present
Participle.
|
ܽ
܇ (ۺ) ܽ ܽ ܽ ܇
|
`it
is two months since he left',
|
|
ť ܇ (ۺ) ۾
|
` Sita
is coming with (literally, having taken) fruits', |
| ܾؽ-ܾؽ
܈ ܡ |
`I got
tired of sitting (lit., continuously sitting)'. |
- ܇ ܛ
or (ܛ ܇), ܁ ܛ or (ܛ ܁) etc. denote
`without going (having gone)', `without reading (having
read)', when ܛ is a Preposition (or Post-Position).
See 300. ܇ and ܁ are here used as Nouns in the oblique
form.
THE
ABSOLUTIVE
243. The Absolutive
is formed by combining the Verb ţ `do' with the root-form
of the main Verb :
|
ţ `having
gone',
|
ţ `having eaten',
|
|
ܽ ţ `having
slept',
|
ţ `having
got up'. |
The Verb ţ itself
forms its Absolutive by appending : ţ `having done'.
Note : (i) The
Absolutive forms should always be written as two separate
words : ţ, ţ, ܁ ţ, etc., not as ܈ţ, ܈ţ,
܁ţ etc. But ţ may be writtern as one word.
- ţ,
ţ are archaic and should be discarded, ܈,
܈ are similarly to be avoided, ܛ ţ for ţ
is dialectic and should similarly be avoided.
- Pairs of
allied Verbs can form a `Compound Absolutive:
|
-
ţ
|
`having
eaten and drunk',
|
|
܁-܉
ţ
|
`having
read and written (studied)'. |
244. (a) The Absolutive
is generally adverbial in nature. As its name suggests, it is
not affected by the gender, number or case of the subject or
of the object. It has various significations :
| ܡ
ţ ܅ |
`I shall
go after taking tea' (time),
|
|
ܾ
ţ ܡ
|
`he came
running' (manner), |
|
ܺ
ţ ¬
|
`hearing
this , he laughed' (cause), |
| ܺ ܁-܉
ţ ܻ ۽ |
`you remained
a fool, in spite of having been educated'. |
(b) The following
special uses may be noted :
| ۺ ţ |
`in
all probability',
|
|
ܩܽ
ţ or ܬ܈ţ
|
`especially', |
|
-
ţ
|
`one by one', |
| ܁ţ |
`superior,
better', etc., (See 135). |
| ܾܽ ܽ
܃ ţ (archaic) ܛ |
` I regarded
him as my brother', |
| ܺ
ܽ ܽţ ܡ |
`he went
over (through, via) the bridge', |
| ܝܽ ܽ
(ܽţ) ܟ ܈ |
`from dawn
till dusk', |
| ܽ
(ܽţ) ܈ |
`from the
pauper to the king'. |
For
Passive and Impersonal forms, see Chapter XIV.
- (a) Amongst
Participles may be included the ܥ forms. These also
are made by appending ܥ to the Oblique Infinitive forms,
and are adjectival in nature, denoting ``one who does'':
| ܛܽ
ܥ |
`one
who goes',
|
|
ܛܽ
ܥ
|
`one
who eats', |
|
܁ܽ
ܥ
|
`one
who reads' etc. |
- When used predicative
words, they may imply futurity :
| ť
ܟ܃ ܛܽ ܥ ۻ |
`I
am going to Bombay to-morrow'.
|
- ܥ can
also be appended to nouns in which case it denotes `one
who sells ...........', 0
`one who deals in..........',
`one who is concerned with........' etc.
| ťܨܥ
|
`fruit
seller',
|
|
ܥܥ
|
`electrician',
|
|
ܽܥ
ܺڟ
|
`the
case concerning the theft' |
These,
of course, are not Participles, but simple Adjectives.
- Being Adjectives,
they are affected by Number and Gender of the Noun whcih
they qualify (-ܥ, - ܥ, - ܥܽ), or can be used
as Nouns themselves (-ܥܽ ܽ etc.).
- -ܥ, a variant
of - ܥ is attached to place-names for forming certain
surnames, etc. :
| ܊ܨܥ=ϡ܊ܨܥ |
`hailing
from ϡ܊ܒ, |
| ܣܥ=܊ܣܨܥ
|
`hailing
from ܊ܣ'. |
|
|
