CHAPTER XXIX

225.The Subjunctive mood, as already stated (172-c), is a form of Verb, which represents the action not as a reality, but as a wish, hope, command requirement, possibility, probability, presumption, condition, etc. It represents in short ``the action or state as a conception of the mond rather than a reality'' (Cwme).

226. (a) In Hindi, the Subjunctive has eight different forms, that may be divided into three groups representing three tenses, present, past and future. But it must be remembered that the tenses of this mood do not define the time (of the occurrence of an action) as clearly as do the tenses of the Indicative.

1. In accordance with their main signfications, the eight forms may be divided into four groups - (1) those expressing (mainly) wish, desire, requirement, (2) those expressing possibility, (3) those expressing probability or presumed certainty, and (4) those referring to a condition which is contrary to fact. But it muxt again be remembered that the meanings of the four groups are not mutually exclusive : they often overlap each other.
2. The eight forms of the root �� `come' grouped according to the Tenses are as follows :-
   

   Present -	����� �ܽ, ����� �ܽ���, �����, ����� �ܽ���
   Past -	�ܡ�� �ܽ, ����� �ܽ���, �ܡ�� �ܽ���
   Future -	�܇.

According to their main significations, they may be grouped as follows :-

(Contrary to fact)

1. These forms are, of course, Terminate and Active. The corresponding progressive forms of ����� �ܽ, ����� �ܽ��� and ����� �ܽ��� can be made by substituting ��� for - ���. For Passive and Impersonal Voices, see Chapter XIV and for other progressive forms, see 262. The forms as given above are in the subjectival construction for a masculine singular subject in the third person. The rest will be indicated below under each.

1. �܇ (Optative)

227. (a) �܇ (third person sg.) represenst the action mainly as a desire, wish, command, requirement, purpose; but also as a condition (although not contrary to fact), a supposition, a possibility etc., almost always with an implied reference to future. This form may be called ``Optative''.

(b) The Optative forms have already been noted in connection with the Indicative Future forms (203). The forms for �� `come' would be :-
Singular Plural

For the roots �ܥ� and �ܽ, the forms would be :-

Singular Plural Singular Plural

There is no modification due to Gender.

228. The following sentences will illustrate the usage :

Note : (i) It will be observed that all the sentences, except the last two, have an implied reference to Future. The last but one makes a general statement with no reference to time. In the last sentences, the Verb �� expresses a supposed state existing at present.

(ii) It will also be noticed that the Optative Verb in the third sentence ��܇ has the force of an Imperative. But being an indirect command, it cannot be classed as imperative which is the mood of direct command or request. For the same reason, the Imperative can have no form for the first person. The forms mentioned bymost of the grammarians as first and third person ``Imperative'' are identical with the Optative forms given above. But they cannot be regarded as Imperative. It will be observed that the second peson Plural form (�ܥ�ܽ etc.) is identical in the two moods. Notice, however, in the fifth sentence the clear difference between the meaning of an Imperative secon person plural ��܂ܽ `eat, take' and that of an Optative second person, (�����) �ܽ ��܂ܽ! `so that you get well'.

1. With the honorific pronoun, the Optatives may denote polite request or suggestion:

�ܜ� ���ܿ �� ��܇� `you had better not go there' (180-a).

(iv) The forms �ܡܽ or �ܨܽ (for �ܡܽ), �ܨܽ� (for �܇�), ��ܡ�, ��ܨܽ (for ��܇), ��ܡ��, ��ܨܽ (for ��܇�), �ܽ�ܽ, �ܽ�ܽ� (for �ܽ,�ܽ�) etc. should be discarded as archaic. The only correct forms are those with - �-��, (Cf.205-d).

1. The above forms are in the subjectival construction. The Obtative does not have the objectival construction. For Passive and Impersonal Voice, see Chapter XIV. For Progressive forms, see 262.

B. ����� �ܽ, �ܡ�� �ܽ (Potential)

229. (a) These forms denote, mainly, possibility of the occurrece of an action with reference to the present and the past:

They may also express wish and desire, but not command, erquierment and purpose. Condition and supposition can be expressed by them These forms may be called present and past `potential'.

(b) The potential forms are made by combining the present and the past participles of the main Verb with the forms of �ܽ given above.

Thus:-

Singular Plural

Similarly, ��� �ܡ�� �ܽ� � etc.

For changing into Feminie, - ���, and - �� of the participles are replaced by - ��� and -�� : ��� ����� �ܽ�� etc. The Progressive (present forms can be made by substituting ��� for ��� : ��� �� ��� �ܽ.

230. The following sentences will illustrate the usage :-

(b) The present, especially the Progressive forms, may, if the context so indicates, refer to (immediate) future :-

(c) The present Potential has only the subjectival construction. The past Potential has the objectival construction if the Verb is Transitive : see the second and the sixth sentences under (a) above. Where the object is in the oblique form, the past Potential has the neutral construction : see the third sentence under (a) above.

For Passive and Impersonal forms, see Chapter XIV.

1. In most of the grammars, the Optative form has been mentioned as the future form of the Potential and the Optative mood completely ignored, its function having been assigned to the Imperative. This is hardly justifiable. See 228-Note (ii).

1. ����� �ܽ���, �ܡ�� �ܽ��� (Presumptive)

231. (a) These forms express probability and presumed or inferred certainty. They may be called `Presumptive'. The names `Doubtful Present' and `Doubtful Past' for these forms, adopted by some grammarians, are misleading. The forms seldom denote `doubt'.

1. The presumptive forms are made by combining the present or the past participle forms of the main Verb with the future forms of �ܽ. The participles are, of course, modified to agree with the subject in Number and Gender :

��� ����� �ܽ�����, ۟� ���ܽ �ܽ��ܽ, ��� �ܡ�� �ܽ�Š��, ۟� �܇ �ܽ��ܽ, etc.

The present progressive forms, as usual, can be made by substituting ��� for - ��� : ��� �� ��� �ܽ���.

232. (a) The following sentences illustrate the usage :-

1. The two presumptive forms can be used with reference to any time present, past or future, as required by the context :
   
   

   ��� ��ܟ� ��� ������ �ܽ ����� (�� ���) �ܽ���	`he must be coming by the evening train' (immediate future).
   �ܝ� �ܺ�� ��ۺ���ܽ�ܽ, ��� ��ܽ ��� �ܽ���	`when you will arrive there, he will be sleeping' (future).
   �ť� ��ܝ� �ܜ� �܇, ��� ��ܽ ��� �ܽ�Š��	`I was probably sleeping when you came yesterday' (past).

   
   
2. The simkple future is sometimes used as the future presumptive. Thus, ��� ��܇��� (pronounced with a slight emphasis on -�) may denote, (besides `he will come') `he is sure to come, he must come', in which case it will really be a presumptive.


The simple future forms of the root �ܽ, however, are used as present presumptive :



��� ����� ����ܛ� �ܽ��� ��ܬܛܽ �ܽ �ܝ� �Ͽ�� ��܉ܽ ��	`he must be a great scholar who wrote all these books',
����� ��ܾ�� �ܽ܊�� ��ܬܛܽ �������� ��ܿ��� ��� ��ܟ� �� �ܺ��� �ܽ	`who would be there that has not heard the name of Mahatma Gandhi!'



3. In interrogation, the presumptive may denote surprise or perplexity :
   

   �ܺ�� ��� �ڛ� �ܽ� ��ܛ�� ڻ� ��Ŭܽ �ܥܽ �ܽ�ܽ !

   `how could you walk all this distance in one day!'

   
   
4. The past presumptive of a Transitive Verb has objectival construction as in the third sentence under (a) above. When the object is in the oblique form, the past presumptive has the neutral construction as in the fourth sentence under (a).

For Passive and Impersonal Voice, see Chapter XIV.

1. �����, ����� �ܽ���, ������ �ܽ��� (Contingent)

233. These forms denote, mainly, a condition which is contrary to fact. They may also express a wish which cannot be fulfilled. Theymay be called `Contingent'. The first two forms ����� and ����� �ܽ��� may refer to the present, the past or the future. The last (�ܡ�� �ܽ���) refers to the past.

 D.  �����, ����� �ܽ���, ������ �ܽ��� (Contingent)

233. These forms denote, mainly, a condition which is contrary to fact.

They may also express a wish which cannot be fulfilled. They may be called `Contingent'. The first two forms ����� and ����� �ܽ��� may refer to the present, the past of the future. The last (�ܡ�� �ܽ���) refers to the past.

234. The first form ����� is identical with a present participle.
     
     The other two forms are made by combining the present and the past participles of the main verb with the present participle of �ܽ; �� ��� �ܽ��� is the progressive of ����� �ܽ���.
     
     
235. (a) The following senteces will illustrate the usage :
     
     

     �ܹ� ��� �����, ��ܽ ��� ��ܬܽ ������	`had he come, I would have told him (but he did not come)',
     ��� ������� ۻ� ��� �ܟ�܃� �ܽ� �����	`I wish I lived in Bombay (but I am not living)`,
     �ܹ� �ܺ�� �܁��ܽ �ܽ�ܽ, ��ܽ ��ܬ� �ܽ ����ܽ	`had you been studying, you would have passed (but you were not studying)',
     �ܹ� �ܺ�ܛܽ �ܰ� ��܉�� �ܽ���, ��ܽ �ܺ�ܽ ��ܥ�� �ܽ���	`had you written a letter, I would have got it (obviously, you have not written)`,
     ��ܩ�, �ܺ�� �܇ �ܽ�ܽ!	`if only you had come! (but you have not come)',
     ����ܛ�� ���� �ܽ��� ��� ����ܽ �ܺ�۽� ��ۥܽ �ܺ��ܡ�� �ܽ��� !	`how nice it would have been if had called you first! (but I did not call)',

(b) The fourth sentence is in the objectival construction: the Verb is Transitive and the subject has a �ܽ. The Last sentence is in the neutral construction, the object having the oblique form.

For Passive and Impersonal Voice, see Chapter XIV,