 |
218. The Past
Perfect represents ``a past action or state as completed at
or before a certain past time''. It is not ``remote past'',
as is usually supposed.
219. It is formed
by combining , , with the past participle forms
(195) of the main Verb :
|
ܡ |
`I
has gone' (Masc.) |
| ۟
ܡܽ ܽ |
`we
had gone' (Masc.) |
|
܃ |
`she
had gone' (Fem.) |
| ܽ
܃ |
`they
had gone' (Fem.) |
- There is no
modificatin due to Peson.
- The honorific
form has Third Person Plural :
ܜ ܇ ܽ (܃
).
220. (a) As in
the case of the Simple Past (198), the Transitive Verbs have
the objectival construction in the Past Perfect ; the Verb
agrees with the object in Gender and Number, and the subject
is placed in the oblique form with ܽ :
|
ܽ ڻ ܡ |
`the
boy had taken milk', |
|
ܽ ܡ |
`the
boy had taken tea', |
| ܽ
ܝܽ ܁ |
`I
had read three books', |
| ܹۛ
ܽ ť ܇ ܽ |
`the
sister had eaten fruits'. |
(b) The above
rule is subject to the same exceptions as the rule regarding
the Simple Past (199):
|
ܝܽ ܡ |
`I
had brought books' (not ܽ ܝܽ ܃ ). |
(c) In the case
of the Verbs having two objects, the Verb agrees with the
primary object [ see 94 (e) and 198 (b)]
| ܾܽ
ܾţ ܽ ܿ ܇ ڇ ܽ |
`I
had given five rupees to the servant'. |
221. (a) But a
Transitive Verb has the neutral construction if its object
takes the case-sign- ܽ (cf. 200).
| Ϗ
ܽ ܟ ܽ ܛܡ |
`the
people had made Ram the king', |
| ܽ
ܽ ܛ ܰ ܟܐ |
`I
had taken him to be a friend of mine'. |
- Exceptionally,
a few Intransitive Verbs also (201) have the neutral construction
:
|
ܽ
|
`the
boy had sneezed', |
|
ܺÁ
ܽ ܿ
|
`the
old man had coughed'. |
Note:- Verbs taking
two objects never have the neutral construction.
|
ܽ ܟ
ܽ ܒ ܉
|
`I
had written a letter to Ram'. |
222. The Past
Perfect, like the simple past (202) refers to a particular
act. The act. must have been completed at a past time : it
is immaterial whether it was completed a moment ago or centuries
ago. We can say ܟ ܿ ܡ `Ram had just now
come here', as well as,
| ܊ܨܛ
ܺ ܽ ܽ ܍ ܾ ܫ ۥܽ ܣܘ
܇ ܽ |
| `Lord
Buddha had come to Sarnath some twenty-five hundred years
ago'. |
For Progressive forms, see 262; and for Passive and Impersonal
Voice, see Chapter XIV.
223. The various
terminate forms of the Indicative Mood (in the active voice),
discussed in Chapters III-VIII may be summarized as
follows :-
- Forms made
with the Present Participle :-
| ܥ (he
would move) - Frequentative Past (215), |
| ܥ
۾ (he moves) - Present (184), |
| ܥ
(he moved - he used to move) - Habitual Past
(212). |
- Forms made
with the Past Participle :-
| ܥ (he
moved) Indicative Past (194), |
| ܥ
۾ (he has mover) - Present Perfect (208), |
| ܥ
(he had moved) - Past perfect (219). |
- Forms made
with - (attached to the Subjunctive forms):-
|
ܥܽ
(he will move) - Indicative Future (203)
|
224. The following
points may be noted :-
- Note -
(present participle) and - (past participle) as well
as - forms are affected by Gender and Number :-
| Masc.
Sg. - , - , - |
(ܥ,
ܥ , ܥܽ), |
| Masc.
Pl. - ܽ, - , -ܽ, |
(ܥܽ,
ܥܽ, ܥܽܽ), |
| Fem.
Sg. & Pl. - -, - |
(ܥ
, ܥ, ܥܽ, ܥܽ). |
But Fem. Pl is
- and , if there is no auxiliary : ܥ (Negative
Present or Frequentative Past), ܥ (Simple Past).
- Objectival
construction is possible only with the past participle forms
(223-b) of Transitive Vrbs :-
| ܟ
ܽ ܝܽ ܁, |
| ܟ
ܽ ܝܽ ܁ , |
| ܟ
ܽ ܝܽ ܁ |
- Neutral construction
is possible only with the past participle forms of a Transitive
Verb, when the object is in the oblique form :-
|
|
