| Besides
the above, there are also other Verbs which help in forming
certain "Voices", "Moods" and "Tenses" of all the Verbs .These
are called Auxiliary Verbs or merely Auxiliaries. Hindi has
only three Auxiliaries : (1) 'to be', with its several
forms. (2) 'was' (which is regarded as the past form of
), and (3) 'to go' with its various forms.
Each
Hindi Verb has a number of forms for signifying--
(1) the
type or the character of the action denoted by the
Verb (Terminate, Progressive, Habitual etc.);
(2) the
relation of the subject to the action (acting or acted
upon);
(3) the
way in which the action etc. is thought of the expressed
by the speaker (as a fact, a question, a command,
a possibility etc);
(4) the
time at which the action is thought of as taking place
(present, past, future etc); and
(5)
the Person, Number and Gender of the subject,
or of the object. Each of these is briefly discussed
below.
ASPECT
(a) The
forms of a Verb indicating the type of the character of the
action etc. denoted by it are called Aspect.
(b) Hindi
Verbs have numerous 'Aspects', such as Terminate, Progressive,
Iterative, Intensive, Effective, Inceptive etc. All the
Aspects (i.e. Verb-forms denoting nature of action), except
the Terminate, are made by combining the main Verb with
various subsidiary Verbs (See * 167).
(c) The
two most important Aspects are the Terminate and Progressive.
(1) The
Terminate Aspect "represents the act as a
whole, as a fact". It is "a statement of fact",
the action being "thought of as a whole, not
as continuing".
"It
has two quite different meanings. It expresses
a general or a particular fact: 'Lead sinks'
(general fact). 'I see him coming' (particular
act)" (Curme).
(2) The
Progressive Aspect "represents the action
as progressing, proceeding, hence as not ended".
'He is working in the garden', 'several books
are lying in the table' (Curme). The action
in the above sentences is represented as actually
going on.
(d) The
Terminate forms are the common, simple forms of Verb as explained
in the following chapters. The progressive forms are made
with the help of the subsidiary Verb 'to continue '.
These are explained in Chapter XIII * 262.
VOICE
The
forms of a Verb indicating the relations of the subject to
the action etc. (denoted by the Verb) are called voices. Hindi
has three voices active, passive and impersonal.
(a) "The
active voice indicates that the subjects does something is,
or is becoming something". Thus, in the active voice the grammatical
subject ('that about which something has been said') is also
the logical subject-- the 'doer' 'Ram goes',
'the leaf fell', "Ÿ 'the boy
is ill', 'she will read',
'he called me', Ÿ 'I saw Ram',
'Ram', 'leaf', "Ÿ 'Boy' , 'she',
'he', and 'I' are the grammatical subjects. The sentences
say something about them. They are also the logical subject--
the doers of the act denoted by the Verbs. (For see *
96)
(b) "The
Passive Voice represents the subject as acted upon". Thus,
in the Passive Voice, the grammatical subject is not the logical
subject the doer, but the logical object-- the person or thing
towards whom the action is directed.
The enemy was killed',
I was called,
ŭ It is said that. . . . .',
'enemy', 'I' and 'It' are the grammatical subjects
: something has been said about them. They are, however, not
the logical subjects-- the doers of killed called, and said.
On the other hand, they are the logical objects : the actions
of 'killing', 'calling', and 'saying' are directed towards
them. The logical subjects are not mentioned in the above
sentences. They may be guessed from the context ('the enemy
was killed by us'), or, it may be necessary to mention them
('it is said-- unnecessary to say, by whom), sometimes, however,
the logical subject is mentioned-- always in the oblique form
with (* 98.a),
'I cannot take tea' (literally tea
cannot be taken by me)
Note:
The passive voice is naturally restricted to transitive Verbs.
(c) The
impersonal voice is restricted to Intransitive Verbs. It has
either no subject at all. In which case the action denoted
by the verbs serves as the subject; or, if there is a subject,
it (the subject) is represented as able or unable to do something
(i.e. the action denoted by the Verb) and has the oblique
form with (* 98-a)
The
Impersonal Voice is always in the Neutral Construction. See
* 174--c.
,
'come let us now go to
sleep' (Literally, come let it be slept').
? 'will you be able to walk
?, (Literally, 'can (will) it be walked by
you ?).
" 'I am unable to get
up', (Literally, 'it cannot be got up (arisen)
by me').
The
first sentence has no subject. The action (sleeping) itself,
in a way, is the subject (about which something has been said).
In the other two sentences, the subjects and
are mentioned as 'able to walk' and 'unable to get up', and
have .
The
Impersonal Voice is, in fact, the Passive Voice used for Intransitive
Verbs.
The
Verb forms discussed in the following chapters are all Active.
For Passive and impersonal forms see chapter XIV.
MOOD
The
form of the work indicating the manner of the action (whether
it just happens, or is ordered to be done, or is dependent
upon a condition etc.) are called moods.
Hindi
has three moods--- Imperative, indicative and subjunctive.
(a) The
imperative mood is a form of Verb expressive and action as
a command, a request, a warning, prohibition etc. The subject
is frequently omitted but can be easily guessed from both
the context and the form of the work.
()
'go' (thou) () don't (you) ever go
there, ć 'please come'.
(b) The
imperative mood is form of Verb which represents the action
as a fact, or makes a query about it.
'he went' ơ ? 'will he go' ? "Ÿ
'the boy is playing'.
(c) The
subjunctive mood is a form of Verb, which represents the action
as a desire, a hope, a possibility, a probability, a condition,
a presumption etc.
It
has four varieties :-
(i) Optative,
expressing desire, demand, entreaty, requirement;
'he ought to go home'
'I want that he should come'
(ii) Potential,
expressing possibility ;
, 'he may have come'
ŭ 'it may have rained somewhere'
(iii) Contingent,
expressing a contrary-to-fact condition:-
'he must be come'
TENSE
The
forms of a Verb indicating the time of the action are called
tenses.
Hindi
has six tenses: present, past, future, present perfect, habitual
past and past perfect.
(a) The
present tense represent the act as now going on, or as habitual,
repeated or characteristics or it expresses general truth.
'he is coming' (act going on- progressive)
ť 'Ram studies in a school'(habitual)
ŭ 'where do you leave ? (habitual)
'Cows give milk' (Characteristic),
'two plus two make four' (general
truth)
Note:
The Verb in the first sentence has progressive aspect.
The rest of the Verbs have terminate the aspect. See *
170.
(b) The
past tense represent some (particular) act as going on,
or as done, in the past.
'he was going' (going on progressive),
'he went', (done - terminate),
'I read the book' (done - terminate)
Note:-
The (simple) past is not use with reference to an
act habitually or regularly done in the past: for this
habitual past is use. (See (e) below)
(c) The
future tense 'represents and action or state as yet to take
place or to come' into being'.
ť 'Ram will come to-morrow',
'I will go to London next
year',
(d) The
present perfect tense 'represents a completed act the effect
of which is still present'
'I have read this book',
'My brother has come',
(e) Habitual
past tense represents an act as habitually or regularly done
in the past.
'He always spoke the truth',
'He went (used to go) to Bombay
once every month',
Note:- Use
of habitual past with reference to a particular act (done,
or going on, in the past) is now archaic or colloquial,
except with few verbs for which see * 217-a
(f) The
past perfect tense represents a past action or state as completed
act or before a certain past time (which may be expressed
or implied):
'I had gone to Bombay (last
year)',
'He had come this morning',
The
tenses are treated in detailed in the following chapters:
CONSTRUCTION
In
Hindi, a Verb is modified according to the gender number and
person of either the subject, or the object, or it has reference
only to the action. This gave rise to what are known as constructions.
Hindi
Verbs had three constructions:- Subjectival, Objectival &
Nautral
(a) In
subjectival construction, the Verb has the same Number, Person
and Gender as its logical object (the person or thing to whom
the action is directed):
"
'the boy read the book',
ş
ť 'kamala ate fruits'.
'the lion will be killed',
'I can't take tea',
ŭ 'It is said. . . . . '.
(c) In
Neutral Construction, the Verb agrees neither with the subject,
nor with the object as regard Number, Person and Gender, but
is always placed in the third person singular masculine form.
Ÿ 'he sneezed',
"Ÿ
Ÿ 'the boys saw the lions',
ţ
Ÿ 'the maid-servant will be called',
,
'come, let us go to sleep'
Note:-
(I) The active has all the three constructions, the
Passive has only the Objectival and the Neutral, while
the Impersonal has only the Neutral :
Active
, (Subjectival)
" (Objectival)
Passive
ňţ Ÿ (Neutral)
(Objectival)
Impersonal
" Ÿ (Neutral)
" (Neutral)
(ii) In
the Active voice, the Objectival and the Neutral constructions
are possible only if the Verb has a past participle
from (See Chapter XI). See, however, * 274.
175. The
various "forms" discussed above--Aspect, Voice, Mood, Tense
and Construction--are not always independent of each other,
or distinctly and individually recognizable in each Verb.
A single Verb often represents several "Forms". Thus, a Verb
like . "he goes" has only two distinctive features,--
and . These represent mainly the Tense (Present), and the
construction (Subjectivel : Masculine, Singular, Third Person).
The Voice (Active), Aspect (Terminate) and Mood (Indicative)
are indicated by the absence of the distinctive features of
the other "Forms" (Passive or Impersonal Voices, Progressive
Aspect, Imperative and subjunctive Mood). A Verb like ()
has several distinctive features : indicates
Passive: indicates progressive Aspect, as well as objectival
construction (Masculine, Singular, Third Person, agreeing
with the object ); and together indicate the Present
Indicative Tense.
(b) A
Verb restricted by all the above "Forms" is called Finite.
There are besides the 'Finite Verb', other Verbs which are
restricted one or two of the "Forms". Such for example, are
the Infinitive (like , Chapter X) and the
Participles (like , Chapter XI).
(c) A
Root is the basic form of a Verb, which is modified into the
various forms. is the root of , , ,
etc.
(d) Roots
are also capable of certain other modifications like
'to see', 'to show' and "to be seen".
|
