CHAPTER XVI

104. ``A Pronoun is a word used instead of a Noun''. It functions as a Noun, except that it cannot be used as the name of a person or a thing. It is ``used instead of a Noun that is used elsewhere or is suggested by the context. Thus it permits us to avoid the unpleasant repetition of a Noun or the unnecessary naming of a person (or thing) that is already known''. (Curme).

104. A Hindi Pronoun is, like a Noun, affected by Number and case, but not by Gender (which is indicated by the verbal forms, or by the Adjectives).
105. In Hindi, there are six classes of Pronouns:

(1) Personal, (2) Demonstrativ, (3) Reflexive, (4) Relative,

(5) Indefinite, and (6) Interrogative.

106. Personal Pronouns are used for `the person speaking', the person spoken to' and `the person or thing spoken about'. There are thus three Persons:

1. Pronouns indicating the person speaking are said to be of the First Person. These are ��� `I' (singular) and ۟� `we' (plural). (۟� is oftern used for ��� by authors and editors and colloquially).
2. Pronouns indicating the person spoken to are said to be of the Second Person. These are �ܻ `thou' (singular), �ܺ�� `you' (plural) and �ܜ� `you' (honorific: always takes third person plural verbs).

1. �ܻ is used in addressing God, children and, occasionally, very intimate friends. It may also be used in anger or to express disrespect or in fondly addressing one's mother, sister, younger brother etc. (but seldom father, uncle and grandfather).

1. �ܺ�� is used in addressing God, children and, occasionally, very intimate friends. It may also be used in a nger or to express disrespect or in fondly addressing one's mother, sister, younger brother etc. (but seldom father, uncle and grandfather).
2. �ܜ� is the polite and respectful form of address for all, both in the singular and the plural. (it is occasionally used also for a person `spoken about'.) See (c) (iii) and (iv) below.

1. Pronouns referring to the person or thing spoken about (other than the person speaking and the person spoken to) are said to be of the Third Person. These are ��� and ��� `he, she, it' (singular), and �ܽ and �ܽ `they and these' (plural).

1. ��� and �ܽ refer to the absent or relatively remote person(s) and thing(s); (``he, she, it-three,''; ��� and �ܽ refer to the present or relatively proximate person(s) and thing(s)- (``he, she, it-here'', ``these-here)''.
2. The singular forms ��� and ��� are not used for a person unless he (or she) can also be addressed as �ܻ when spoken to. �ܽ and �ܽ are the usual forms in both singular and plural. For things, however, the ``correct'' number is used.
3. In polite speech, �ܜ� is almost invariably used instead of �ܽ when the person spoken about is present (as``the gentleman here'').
4. In writing, �ܜ� is sometimes used (as ``the gentleman'') for an author, scholar, leader etc. introduced or described to the readers. The usage, however, is somewhat archaic.
5. Use of ��� and ��� Plural forms, though common, should be carefully avoided.
6. All the Pronouns (of whatever class) except ���, ۟� �ܻ and �ܺ�� and the Reflexive (109) are considered to be of the Third Person. See 188 Note (ii).
7. Generally, ��� and ��� are pronounced as ��ܽ and �ܽ.

1. Demonstrative Pronouns are used for `pointing out' a relatively remote or proximate person or thing. The Demonstrative Pronouns are :- ���, ���, �ܽ and �ܽ are Personal or Demonstrative, can be ascertained from only the situation or the context. When there is definite `pointing out', they are Demonstrative. When there is more substitution of Nouns, they are Personal. In talk, Demonstrative pronouns are often accompanied with gesture `i.e.' `pointing out'.
2. Reflexive Pronouns substitue and refer to a Noun or Pronoun which is, as a rule, the logical subject of the sentence.

1. Of these, �ܜ� (occasionally followed by ��) [294 (a)] has an adjectival (intensifying) force and qualifies a Noun or Pronoun which it usually follows, and which, as a rule, is the logical subject of the sentence. See, however, (ii) below.

1. �ܜ� (��) occasionally qualufies Nouns or Pronouns which are not the logical subjects of the sentences:

��܈�� �ܜ� �ڨ�ܥ� ��܈ť� �ܡ�� ۾ `he has himself become a bankrupt';

�ܽ��� �ܽ� �ܜ� (��) �۟���� ���� ۾ `the leader himself has no courage.'

The current tendency, however, is to replace �ܜ� in all such cases by ��ܡܿ or �ܺ� �ڨ�ܥ�� ��܈ť� �ܡ�� ۾, �ܽ��� �ܽ� ��ܡܿ (��) �۟���� ���� ۾�

Note also that �ܜ�, used as an Adjective, does not attach case-signs. (See 117.)

2. �ܜ� �� can, however, be used also as an Adverb, when it means `of one's own accord, spontaneously'. Thus, �ܟ� �ܜ� �� ���ܿ �ܡ�� can denote, if the context so demands, `Ram had gone there of his own accord'. cf. the adverbial use of ��ܛܽ-�ܜ�, under (c) below.
3. The Reflexive �ܜ� is, of course, to be differentiated from the personal �ܜ� which is nothing but a polite form of �ܺ�� (or �ܽ or �ܽ), while the Reflexive �ܜ� can refer to any `person'.
4. The oblique form of �ܜ� is ��ܛܽ meaning, oneself, with ��ܽ, �ܽ, �ܽ� or pr as required (but never with �ܽ). See 117

1. ��ܛܽ refers to a Noun or a Pronoun which must be the logical subject of the sentence :

�ܟ� �ܽ ��ܛܽ ��ܽ �ܛ� �ܽ� ��ܡ�� `Ram found himself in the forest';

��ܛܽ �ܽ� ��Ŭ�� ��ܽ �ܽ�� ���� ������� `nobody sees a fault in himself.'

2. ��ܛܽ-�ܜ� is used either as an emphatic (or unambiguous) form for the oblique ��ܛܽ (see note below), or as an adverb maning `of one's own accord, automatically, spontaneously'. [287 (f) ]. Thus:-

�ܾ��ܽ ��ܛܽ (��ܛܽ-�ܜ�) �ܽ �ܻ�� `I asked myself (my own self)'.

1. ��ܽ is both Singular and Plural.
2. ��ܽ is always accompanied with ��� or �ܽ in the main sentence. Both ��ܽ and ��� (�ܽ) refer to one and the same person or thing. ��� (�ܽ) is called the `Correlative' of ��ܽ.
3. ��ܽ (`he, they), as a Correlative of ��ܽ is now obsolete except in proverbs and maxims.

1. Indefinite Pronouns refer to an unknown or unidentified person or thing.

1. ��ܽ�� may also be used as the plural form and signify `some people' ��ܽ�� �� �۽ �� `some people are coming'.

1. Interrogative Pronouns are used in asking questions.

Hind has only two Interrogative Pronouns- ��ܽ�� and ơ��, the former usually referring tp `person' and the latter to `things' either in singular or in plural:

��� ��ܾ�� ۾ ? `who is he?';

��� ơ�� ۾ ? `what is this ?';

�ܽ ��ܾ�� �� ? `who are they ?';

�ܽ ơ�� �� ? `what are these ?'

ơ�� ��� �ܡ�� ۾ ? `has he come?';

(ơ��) �ܟ� ��ܽ �ܡ�� ? `has Ram gone to sleep?.

��� ��ܾ�� ۾, ��ܽ�� ���� ��ܛ���� `nobody knows who he is.'

����� �܊�܂ܽ ��� �ť� ��ܛܽ ơ�� ��š�� `find out what he did yesterday.'

ơ�� (��) �ܺ�ڣ ���� ۾ ! `what a lovely scene!'

ơ�� ��܊ܥ� ��ڟ�� ۾ ! `what an idiotic person !'

��� ơ�� �ܽ�܈����� ۾ ! `what foolishness is this!'

��� ��ڟ�� ơ�� ۾, �ܮܬ� ۾ `call him a man? he is a demon';

�܍��� ơ�� ۾, �ܺ��ܝ� ��� ��ť� ۾ `it's not a child, it's a rose.'

��� �ܾ����� ơ�� ۾, ������ ۾ `dose he run? he flies!'

�ܺ�� �ܺ���ڟܽ �ܽ� ơ�� �����ܽ�ܽ `you will win the case? impossible!

��� ơ�� ����� ۾ �ܺ��ܣ� �����ܝ�! `here lies your book! can't you see?

�ܾ� ��� ơ�� �ܾ�� ۻ� `am I not sitting here (don't you see, I am sitting here)?'