| 94. The
Direct (i.e. the numodified and ending-less) form of Noun is
used for denoting the following grammatical relations :-
The Subject of
a Verb :
۾ `the boy comes';
ܝ
܁ܽ `the boys read the book';
ܽ ܾ
`the horse ran';
ܡܽ ܣ
`the cows graze';
ܣ
`the leaf will fall';
š
ܝ ܁ ` the girls will read the book' etc.
(Ž,
ܡܽ, š . are not oblique, but plurals of
the Direct form.)
Important
Exceptions : (a) With the Past (Participle) form of a
Transitive Verb (57). the Subject has the oblique form
with the sign ܽ : ܽ ܝ ܁ `the boy
read the book' (See 96 below):
(b)A Predicative
Noun referring to the Subject (See 58):
ܟ
۾ `Ram is a boy';
ܿ ܾ
ܟܺ ܹڡ `Ganga and Yamuna are rivers';
ܽ ܍ܽ
`they are children';
ܛ
ܛ ܇ `The ice will become (turn into) water'.
(c) As a rule,
the Inanimate Object of a Verb:
ܟ ť
۾ `Ram eats fruits';
ܽ Ŝ
ܽ ۾ `the washerman washes clothes';
ܝܽ
܇ `he will bring the books';
ܾţ ܡ
ܿ ۾ `The sevant asks for a rupee';
ܛ
܇ `he will drink water'.
[We have in
this usage a recognition of the Neuter (``inanimate'')
gender which has, otherwise, been lost in Hindi. In Sanskrit,
the subject and the obhect forms of a Neuter Noun are
identical.]
Also,
the Animate Object of a Verb, provided it denotes
a being in general, not a particular being [See 97
(b)]:
ܾţ
ܽ ۻ `I search (am in search of) a sevant,
;
ܾţ
ܽ ܺ܂ܽ `call the servant';
ܛܽ
ܽ ڽ `he never saw a lion';
but ܛܽ
ܽ ܽ ڽ `he did not see the lion'.
Every
Primary (Animate or Inanimate) Object of a verb having
two Objects [See 64 (c)] .
ܾܽ
ܟ ܽ ܽ ڡ `I gave Ram a horse';
| ܺܽ
ܽ ť ڽ `mother will give me two fruits';
܊ܨܛ
ܽ ڽ `may God grant him a son!';
ܺ
ܽ ܡ ۾ `he asks me for a rupee'.
A predicative
Noun referring to the Object:
ܹܡܽ ܽ
ۿ ܽ ܺ `the birds elected the swan as
their king';
ܾܽ ܽ ܛ
ܰ ܛܡ `I made him my friend';
ܽ ܃
ܛ ۾ `Sita regards him as a brother';
ܾ ܽ ܰ
ܟܐ `I took him as a friend';
ܾܽ ܽ
ܿ ܟܐ `I took the rope to be a snake'.
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