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Marks
of Punctuation
- (a) Hindi has
the same marks of Punctuation as English, except that for
the Full Stop (.) marking the end of a sentence, a vertical
stroke (/) is used. However, after initials and abbreviated
words, the Full Stop is either retained, or replaced by
a cipher (.).
Thus, ܾ
ܡ ; . . = ܣܡܵܜϬ
. . =
M. A.
. . . = M. L. A.
.
or . = Dr.
ܿ. or ܿ. = ܿ
.
or . = ܥ
(b) The vertical
stroke is also used for marking the end of ithe first
hemistivh (half-verse). For marking the end of the verse
itself, two vertical stroke may be used. In case the verses
are numbered, the number is placed between two double
stroke at the end. Thus-
ڨܬ
ܬܛ ܟ
܊ܛ
Ŏ ܽ ܽ ܥ
ܲ-ܥ
ܣ
şܹܛ-ť-ܥܞ
Ϗ (or 1)
- Some modern
writers prefer the Full Stop to the cipher as well as
to the vertical stroke, thus adopting the English usage
in full.
- The rest of
the punctuation-marks, viz., comma, semi-colon. colon, dash,
hyphen, single and double inverted commas, apostrophe and
brackets, are used as in English. However, the colon (:)
is usually avoided, lest it should be confused with the
visarga sign (2-e).
Day of the Week
etc.
- the days of
the week are name as follows :-
| ܨܣ
or ܨܣ |
Sunday |
| ܽܨܣ
|
Monday |
| ܿܥ
(ܣ) |
Tuesday |
| ܺ
(ܣ) |
Wednesday |
| ܺܣ
or ܼܹ۬ (ܣ) |
Thursday |
| ܺ
(ܣ) |
Friday |
| ܹܨܣ
orܛܣ or ܹܩܣ |
Saturday |
- The months
of the year are namded as follows:-
Sanskrit :- ܾ,
ܾ܉, ܽ, ܫ܁ ܨܵ, ͜, ܹܛ,ܹĈ
܊ܡܵ or ܊ĩ, ܾ, ܋, ܥܺ.
Hindi :- ܾ,
ܾ܉, ܽ, ܫ܁, ܨܛ, ܽ, ƨܣ, ܹ܈,
ۛ, ܻ, ܋.܊ܺ.
- The era prevalent
amongst the Hindi-speaking people is that of King Vikrama
(Calleş ܨܿ) which differs form the Chirstian
era by +57 years. The new year begins on the 16th day of
ܾ.
- (a) The unit
of weight is ܽ, `seer' which is divided into sixteen
parts called . is a ܨ. Forty seers equals one
ܛ `maund'. A seer is appoximately two pounds.
(b) For weighing
gold, silver etc., as well as medicines, the following weights
are used:-
eight ܬ܉ܬ
= one ܨܥ
eight ܨܥ
= one
eight
= one ܩ
twelve ܩ
= one ܽ
five ܽ
= one .
- The unit for
linear measurement is = `yard' which (apart from being
divided into feet and inches) is divided into sixteen parts
called ܣ (literally `knot' or `joint')
Half a
= a ܘ `hand', aad half a ܘ = a ܹܩ or ܥܿ
`span (9 inches').
A ܣ (1/16
yard) is divided into twentyfour parts called ܾ `barley
grains'; eight ܾ makes an ܺ `finger'.
- Areas are measured
(besiedes in square yard, feet and inches) in , ܬܨ
(or ܬ) and ܬܨܿ (or ܬܿ);
20 ܬܨܿ
= one ܬܨ,
20 ܬܨ
= one
31/40
= one
A = 14,400
square feet.
- Time is measured
(besides in hours, minutes and seconds) in ۣ, ,
ܥ and ܣ.
A ۣ (Sanskrit
ۣ) is 1/8 of day + night, i.e. 3 hours.
A is
1/60 of day + night, i.e. 24 minutes, and is itself divied
into 60 parts which are called ܥ Each ܥ is also divided
into 60 parts which are called ܣ. Thus-
an ܣ = 24/60
(=2/5) seconds,
a ܥ = 60
ܣ = 24 seconds,
a = 60
ܥ = 24 minutes,
a day+ night
= 60 = 24 hours.
All astronomical
calculations are still made with the help of the above division
of time.
Note: 6 to 8 are
now obsolete India has since switched over to the metric system
of weights and measures and follows decimal system of currency.
However, the old system has been mentioned hrer of information
only.
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