APPENDIX III

1. Two or more Hindi words can be combined into one and thus form a compound. The `combining' is, in the main, effected by dropping the case-sings, post-positions, conjunctions, or other words, which denote the relation between the constituent words, which denote the relation between the constituent words of a compound. Thus-
   

2. In forming some compounds, however, there is no occasion to drop a connecting word, since none exists. Such, especially is the case when a Prefix or an Adjective is combined with a Noun (to form a Determinative Compound). Thus-
   

3. (a) The components of a compound occasionally shorten (or modify) their long vowels. This happens usually to the first component, but sometimes also to the second, or to both. In some cases, a suffix (-��, -��. etc.) is also attached to the last member (see App.III, 16). Thus-

2. The numerals ���, �ܽ, ��ܛ�, ��ܣ, ���� , �� ����� and ���, as first members of a compound, are usually modified to ���, ں-, ��� (or ��ܣ-), ��ܾ-, �ܿ�� or (�܍�-), �-, ����-, and ��- Thus-
   

All the numerals above ten (except those for 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90) are, of course, compounds (5 below).

1. The compounds can be divided into three main classes :-
   
   

   (1) Co-ordinative

   (2) Determinative

   (3) Possessive

The Hindi (or Sanskrit) names for these are as follows :-

(1) Co-ordinative כ�

(2) (a) Dependent Determinative ����ܺ���

(b) Descriptive Determinative �ş�Ě�ܣ�� (with a sub-variety �׊ܺ)

(c) Adverbial Determinative ���ܡ����ܨ�

(3) Possessive �ϝ����

Co-ordinative Compounds

1. Co-ordinative (כ�) Compounds consist of two (or more) Nouns, Adjectives, or Advebs, which are connected by �ܾ� `and' or by ��� `or'. The Compounds thus formed have, naturally, the Plural Number but also the Singular when Collective sense is intended.

1. Two (or more) Nouns-
   

2. Sometimes the two Nouns are more or lees synonymous with each other :-
   
   

3. Two Adjective (or numerals)-
   

4. All the numerals above ten (except those for 20, 30, 40 etc.) are Co-ordinative Compounds, with considerable modifications of the original forms of the components. Thus:-
   

See 3-b above.
5. Two Adverbs (or adverbially) used words)-
   

6. Sometimes the same Adverb (or adverbially used word) is repeated (with an intensification of the meaning):
   
   

7. Occasionally, the first component of such (repetitive) Compounds attaches an (�ܽ�), when the meaning is variously modified. :
   

8. In some cases, the particle �� (294-a) is placed between the two repeated words:-
   

9. In a few cases, the case-sign �ܽ (98) is placed between the two repeated words :
   

10. Repetitive Compounds of indefinite Pronouns, and of Adverbs formed from them are made by placing the Negative particle �� between the two words. These Compounds have a pronounced indefinite force :-
    

II - Determinative Compounds

6. Determinative Compounds are characterised by the `determining' or, in some way, qualifying of the second member by the first member. These, as already noted, are of three kinds-Dependent, Descriptive and Adverbial.

II (a) Dependent Determinatives

7. In a Dependent Determinative (����ܺ���), the first member is dependent on the second, functioning as an attribute (not as an Adjective) of the latter. In the pre-compound form, the first member is always in the Oblique form. Thus-
   

8. Some dependent Determinatives have for their second member a Verbal derivative [App. i 7 (a)}] which is not used independently, (These are called ��ܜ�� ����ܺ���). Thus-
   

II (b) Descriptive Determinatives

9. In Descriptive Determinative (�ş�Ě�ܣ��) Compounds, the first member describes the second. The first member, thus, is an Adjective or a word used as an Adjective). Thus-
   

10. If the `first' member is a numeral, a Descriprive Determinative is usually treated as a collective Noun, and is called �׊ܺ :-
    

The components sometimes modify their form :-

11. A Descriptive Determinative sometimes signifies comparison between the two members :-
    

12. A large number of Descriptive Determinative Compounds are formed with the help of prefixes. These have already been illustrated under the discussion on Prefixes (Appendix I). Thus-
    
    

    ����ܡ� `injustice'

    ��܊ܺ�� `defect, fault'

    ��ۊ�ܛ� `chorus', etc.

III (c) Adverbial Determinatives

13. Some prefixes form Compounds which are used as Adverbs. Such Compounds are called Adverbial Determinatives (���ܡ����ܨ�). These have already been illustrated under the discussion on Prefixes (Appendix I). Thus-
    
    

    �Ϲ�ܹڛ� `every day, daily'	�܏ܛ�� `for life'
    ��܏�ܛܽ or ��ܛ� ��ܛܽ `without knowing, unwittingly'	�ܣ�܈� `to the best of one's ability
    ۣ��ܥ� `every year' etc.

In some Adverbial Compounds, the first member is an Adverb used as a Prefix. Thus -

Note : The name `Adverbial Compound' is restricted to the variety discussed above. Compounds of Adverbs, discussed in App. iii, 5 (c) - (g), are `Co-ordinative'.

III Possessive Compounds

14. A. Possessive Compound (��ۺ�����) is always adjectival in nature, referring to a person or thing not denoted, severally, by either of the members of the Compound. Thus -
    

15. Possessive Compounds, as well as Determinative Compounds, can be formed with the help of Prefixes. These have already been illustrated under the discussion on Prefixes. (Appendix I). Thus-
    

16. The same Compound can be a Determinative, or a Possessive, according as the first member qualifies (``determines'') the second member, or as the Compound as a whole qualifies another Noun (outside the Compound). Thus, the compound �ܛܺ͟��, `when it signifies a `moonlike face', is a Determinative; but when it signifies `moon-faced', `having a moonlike face', it is Possessive. Similarly, ���ܛ� or ��܏�ܛ� may mean either `lack of knowledge, ignorance, inadvertance', in wchich case, it is a Possive.

Such Compounds, however, are only rarely met with in Hindi and there is a general tendency to avoid the possible confusion in meaning by marking, with some suffix like -�� or �� (App. iii, 3-a). Such Possessive Compounds, as may otherwise, be interpreted as Determinatives. Thus-