- Prefixes are
subsidiary words (prepositions and particles) which are,
as a rule, not used independently, but modify the meaning
of a word (usually Noun or an Adjective),
when attached to it in the beginning. Thus-
ܺ = `virtue', but ܊ܺ =
`fault defect',
ܛ = `giving', but ܛ =
`taking',
Ϲ = `famous', but ܺϹ =
`very famous',
ܽ = `value
or price, but ܟܽ = `priceless',
ڛ = `day' but
Ϲܹڛ = `every day, daily'.
Nouns, Adjectives
other words to which a perfix has thus been attached are
included among Compounds (Appendix III). They are discussed
here for the sake of convenience.
2. Most of the
perfixes in use in Hindi are Tatsama, a few are Tadbhave,
while others
have been borrowed form Aeabic or persain.
The more important
perfixes and compounds formed with their help are listed
below. The compounds marked as A are Adverbial (App III,
13) and those marked as p are Possessive (App III, 15).
- Tatsama Prefixes
- denotes
`negation' or `lack':
ܡ `justice', ܡ
`injustice'
ܛ `knowledge', ۿ
`non-violence',
`non-injury',
ťܿ `spot,
blame', ťܿ `spotless' (P).
This is repleced
by ܻ when attached to a word beginning with a vowel:
`pr oper',
ܺ `improper',
`one', ܽ
`many',
ܹ `beginning',
ܹ `without beginning',
(p).
(2) =
`very', `exceedingly':
ܽ `very
hard' ܽܥ `very delicate',
ںĥ `exceediingly
weak', ܺܣ ( +ܣ) `very
generous'.
(4) ܺ = `following',
`after', `according to', `similar to' :
ܺܟܛ `following', ܺţ `imitation',
(ܟܛ `going'), (ţ `doing'),
ܺ `similar,
worthy of' (P), ܺ `translation',
( form') ( `speaking').
- = `contrary',
`lacking', `away' :
ܟܛ `disgrace,
insult', ܳ `formless' (P);
ܩ܈ś `bad
omen', ۣ `taking away',
carryinmg off'.
(6)
= `towards', `against', `superior', `special' :
ܞܫܵ `address'; ܟ `opinion'
ܡܛ `expedition'; ܣ `custody'.
(7)
= `contrary', `lacking,' `inferior' :
܊ܺ `defect,
fault'; ܍ܽܛ `opinion'
ܟܻܛ `devaluation', (ܽܛ `conscious').
(8) =
`until', `contrary':
ܛ `for
life' (A), `life-long,' ܟܣ `until death' (A);
ܛ `taking'; ܊ܟܛ
`coming'
(ܛ `giving'), (ܟܛ
`going').
- ,
= `upwards', `superior':
ܛ `rise,
progress'.
Ýܽܛ `awakening,
exhortation';
Êܟ `rising,
shooting forth, origin';
Ëܒ `opening,
inauguration';
ڵ `ill-behaved,
rude' (P).
(10)
= `near', `infeior', `vice -', `sub--':
ܛܟ
`surname, nickname'; ܛ܊ܣ `suburb';
ܹܡܟ
`sub-rule'; ܜϚܛ `vice-president';
ܟܿ
`deputy minister'.
(11) ں,
ں = `evil', `diffcult':
ںĺ `evil
qualities'; ںě `villain';
(ܛ person)
ںĩ `bad
situation'; ںĞ `difficult to obtain' (P).
ںğ `difficult
to traverse, or approach' (P).
(12) ܣ,
ܬ = `away', `out', `without' :
ܣĈ
`meaningless, useless' (P); ܣܣܚ `innocent'(P)
ܞġ
`fearless' ě `lonely' (place);
ܡ
`export'; ܬܽ `spiritless' (P);
ܩܥ
`unmoving, fixed' ܫܟ `desireless (P);
(ܥ `moving')
- ܹ = `around',
`fully', `well':
ܹܛ `entourage,
sevants'; ܹş `circumambulation';
ܹܽ
`full satisfaction'; ܹƨ `quite ripe';
ܹܚě
`addition, enlargement'.
(14) = `excess',
`very', `forward':
ϝܥ `very
strong' (P); ϡ `great effort';
ω `well-known'; Ϲš `process';
Ϯܽ `projection'; ϊܹ `progress'.
(15) Ϲ
= `against', `opposite', `every':
Ϲܚܹ
`echo'; Ϲܹܟ `reflection';
Ϲܨ
`defendant'; Ϲܹڛ `everyday' (A);
( `plaintiff)
Ϲܮܵ
`every moment' (A)
(16) = `lacking',
`away', `special', `various', `opposite':
ܛ
`lonely (place)' (P); ܬܣ `forgetting,
forgetfulness';
ܟܥ
`spotless, clean' (P); ܱܛ `science';
ܡ
` victory'; ܞ܊ `division,
distribution':
ڽ `
foreign land'; š `sale'
(ڽ ` country') (š `purchase')
(17) ܟ
= `with', `together with', `altogether', `good':
ܟܹ `agreement'; ܟܽܛ `conference';
ܟܛ `honour,
homage'; ܿܵ `protection';
ܿܚܛ `constitution'; ܿܽܛ `amendment,
correction'.
(18) ܺ
= `good', `easily':
ܺş
`good work, merit'; ܹܺ `well-educated';
ܺţ `easy
to do' (P); ܺܞ `easy to obtain'(P);
ܺܟ `easy
of access' (P).
- ܣ, :
= `inter-' :
ܣī `international' :ܛ `inter-provincial';
`intercaste'.
(20) =
`bad', `evil':
ňş `bad
deed, evil act'; Ų `ugly' (P):
ō `conspiracy'; Źڛ `bad
day, adversity'.
- ܺܣ =
`agaom', `re-' :
ܹܺĨ `remarriage' ܺě `rebirth';
ܺܲܛ `renaissance'.
(22) ܈
= `pre-' :
܊ܾܹ܈ `pre-historic'; ƈŘܛ `foreword';
܊ܾڈ `pre-Vedic'; [Řܛ `say'
(noun)]
(23)
= `with', `together with', `same' :
ť `fruitful,
successful' (P);
`living,
full of life' (P);
`of
the same caste or community or kind' (P).
(24)
= `with' together with', `same':
ۊܛ `chorus'; ۈܣ `co-operation';
ۈܣ `assistant', ۜ `class-fellow'.
`co-operative'
- Tadhava Prefixes
- , = `without',
`lacking':
܁, ܜ܁
`uneducated' (P); ܛ, ܛ `ignorant'
`definite;
final,irrevocable' (P); (P);
ܛܽ
`without knowing, unwittingly' (A);
ܹܛ
`innumerable' (P); ܟܽ `invaluable'
(P).
(2) =
`bad', `evil' :
ōܥ `bad
ways; misconduct'; ܾ `ugly' (P);
(ܾ
`form, shape').
(3) ں = `bad',
`lacking':
ںܥ `bad
time, famine';
ںܥ `weak,
lean, without strength' (P).
(4) =
`lacking', `without':
܈ş `useless'
(P); ٣ `fearless' (P);
`unarmed'
(P).
(5) ܛ
= `without', `un........':
ܛ- `unmarried'
(P): ܛ-ܛܽ without
knowing' (archaic)
(A).
(6) ܣ
= `ful', `as much as possible':
ܣܽ
`bellyful, to heart's content' (A);
ܣ܈ `as
far as one can' (܈ś `to be able to') (A);
ܣܻ `plentiful'.
ܣ is really
the Absolutive form of ܣ (243) and means `filing, so
as to fill'. In the above compounds, it has, however, been
used as a prefix (cf 294-e and 295).
- Arabic and
Persian Prefixes
(1) ܾ = `without',
`against', `foreign';
ܾܹܣ `absent'
; ܾܣܣ `unofficial';
ܾܛܻ `illegal'.
(2) =
`without':
ܜܬܛ `unliked;
unacceptable'; ܉ܺ `displeased, angry':
ܟܻܿ `disallowed
, rejected'. ܥܡ܈ `unworthy'.
(3)
= `per':
ڟ `per
head' (A); ܡ `per rupee' (A);
ܽ `per
seer' (A). `per cent' (A).
(4) = `without':
ܜܣ `careless'
(P); ܨܝ `speechless; `incom parable'
(P);
(ܨܝ
`reply')
ܜ `untraceable,
missing' (P);
܃ `incurable'
(P).
(5) ܽ = without':
ܽğܛ `dishonest'
(P); ܽܛ `lifeless' (P);
ܽܣ `helpless'
(P); ܽܽ `semse;ess' (P);
ܽ۟ `merciless'
)P); ܽܒ `fearlessly' (A).
(6) ۣ = `every'
:
ۣ ܽ `every
day' (A); ۣ ܥ `every year' (A);
ۣ `every
one'; ۣ ܣ `each time' (A).
SUFFIXES
- Suffixes are
elements attached to a root, a Pronoun, an Adjectives etc.
for forming related words. Some suffixes attached to a root
make Nouns or Adjectives, e.g.
܃ `fight' from `to
fight';
ܨܾ `singer' from ܛ `to
sing'.
Other suffixes
attached to Nouns or Adjectives etc. form further Nouns
or Adjectives :
ܿܥ `a
Bengali' from ܿܥ `Bengal';
ܺ܃ `badness' from ܺ `bad';
ܬ `thirsty' from ܬ `thirst'.
- There are thus
two kinds of suffixes :
- those attached
to a root and forming Verbal Nouns and Adjectives and
- those attached
to a Noun or Adjective and forming Secondary Nouns or Adjectives.
The first variety of suffixe, and the words formed by them
are called ڛ, Primary Derivatives.
The second variety
of suffixes is called ܹ or Secondary Suffixes and the
words formed by them are called ܹܛ or Secondary Derivatives;
- The main Primary
Suffixes of Hindi are as follows:
- The root itself
is occasionally used as an Abstract Noun:
ܣ `beating' from ܣ `to
beat';
ܾ `race,
running' from ܽ `to run';
ܻ `plunder' from ܻ `to
rob, to plunder';
ܽ `play,
sport' from ܽܛ `to play'.
- Sometimes the
vowel of the roots is lengthened or modified :
ܥ `gait
or motion' from ܥܛ `to move';
܁ `flood,
increase' from ܁ `to grow';
ܽ `harmony,
friendship from ܥܛ `to meet'.
- -ƈ = `doing
something habitually or excessively', forms Adjectives:
ܺƈ `forgetful' from ܻܛ `to
forget';
ܡƈ `drunkard' from `to
drink';
ƈ `habitually
jumping' from ڛ `to jump';
ܺƈ `wanderer' from ܻܛ `to
wander'.
Long vowel of
a root is regularly shortened before - ƈ.
- - forms abstract,
or agent, or action, or instrumental Nouns (Masc.) as well
as past participles (see 195):
܊ `quarrel' from ܊ `to
quarrel';
ܜ `print' from ܜܛ `to
print';
ܽ `siege' from ܽ `to
surround';
ܒ `shock' from ܒś `to
shake';
ܽ `fair' from ܥܛ `to
meet';
ܻ `swing'
(Noun) from ܺܛ `to swing';
ܿ-Œ `pick-pocket' from ܒ `to
cut';
-ܽ `speaking
sweetly' from ܽܛ `to speak'.
Note the vowel-changes
in ܽ and ܿ-Œ.
- -܃ forms
Abstract Nouns (Fem.) :
܃ `fight' from `to
quarrel, to fight';
܁܃ `study' from ܁ `to
study, to learn';
܁܃ `ascent' from ܁ `to
ascend, to climb';
ş܃ `earning' from şܛ
`to earn'.
Some Nouns
formed with ܃ denote `cost' or `charges' for the work
done :
ܺ܃ `washing
chjarges' from ܺܛ `to get washed';
܉܃ `writing
changes, from ܉ܛ `to write'.
clerkage'
- -܅ = `able',
`fit for', `doing', forms Adjectives :
܈܅ `saleable' from ܈ś `to
sell' (intrans.);
܅ `durable' from ś `to
last';
ܣ܅ `likely
to from ܣ `to fall';
collapse
or fall'
ş܅ `one
who earns from şܛ `to earn';
(much)'
܅ `voracious' from ܛ `to
eat'.
- -܈, -܈,
-܈ = `doing habitually, efficiently', form Adjectives
:
܈ `quarrelsome' from `to
quarrel';
ܾ܈ `a
skilful swimmer' from ܾ `to swim';
܈, `flying' from `to
fly'.
܈
These Adjectives
do not modify in the Feminine.
(8) -ܨ forms
Abstract Nouns (Masc.) :
܁ܨ `ascent' from ܁ `to
ascend';
ܨ `flow' from ۛ `to
flow';
ܺܨ `bend,
turn' from ܻܛ `to turn';
܍ܨ `protection' from ܍ܛ `to
escape, to avoid'.
- -ܛ forms
Abstract Nouns (Masc. or Fem.):
ܛ `flight' from ܛ `to
fly';
ܛ `growth,
rise' from ؛ `to arise';
ܥܛ `comparison' from ܥܛ `to
meet, to
tally';
܊ܛ
`tax' from ܊ܛ `to
be levied'.
- -ܨܒ forms
Abstrac Nouns (Fem.):
܉ܨܒ `writing' form ܉ܛ `to
write';
ܛܨܒ `make,
fabrication' form ܛܛ `to make';
ܨܒ `obstruction' form ܽś `to
stop';
ܨܒ `decortaion' form ܛ `todecorato';
- -ܨ froms
Abstract Nouns (Masc):
ܺܨ `call' from ܺܛ `to
call';
ܺܨ `deceptnon' from ܺܛ `to
farget
(`to
cheat');
ۛܨ `dress' from ۛܛ `to
put on'.
- -ے forms
Abstract Nouns (Fem.) :
ܥے `cry' from ܥܛ `to
cry';
ܝܣے `perturbation' from ܝܣܛ `to
worry ; to
`consternation' feel
anxious'.
(13)-ܥ `tending
to, prove to', `-ly' forms Adjectives:
ܹܥ `rotten,
rotting from `to rot';
ܹܥ `half-dead,
sickly' from ܣ `to die';
ܥ `obnstinate' from
`to be obstinate,
to
stick'.
- - forms
Abstract Nouns (Feminine):
¬ `laughter,
joke' from ¬ܛ `to laugh';
ܽ `speech,
dialect' from ܽܛ `to speak';
ܺ `rebuke' from ܺś `to
rebuke'.
- - forms
Abstract or Agent Nouns (Adjectives):
şܽ `earning' from şܛ `to
earn';
ܺ `robber' from ܻ `to
rob';
ܬܽ `lodging,
roost' from ܬܛ `to dwell'.
- - forms
Abstract Nouns (Feminine):
܍ `saving' from ܍ܛ `to
escape, be saved';
ܜ `consumption,
sale' from ܜܛ `to sell' (intrans).
- - forms
Abstract Nouns (Feminine):
܁ `growth,
increase' from ܁ `to grow';
ܛ `counting' from ܛܛ `to
count';
ܣ `filling,
recruitment' from ܣ `to fill'.
- - forms
Abstract Nouns (Masc. or Fem.):
ܥܛ `conduct' from ܥܛ `to
move';
ܺ܈ܛ `smile' from ܺ܈ܛ `to
smile'.
- - forms
Infinitives (see section III, chapter X):
- -ܥ (See
243).
- The important
Secondary Suffixes of Hindi are as follows :-
- - forms Adjectives
denoting `having':
ܻ `hungry' from ܻ `hunger';
ܬ `thirsty' from ܬ `thirst';
ܾ `dirty' from ܾ `dirt'
(2)-܃ forms
Abstract and other Nouns (Fem.) from Adjectives :
܃ `goodness' from `good';
ܺ܃ `badness,
evil' from ܺ `bad';
܃ `sweetmeat' from `seweet'.
- -ܬ forms
Abstract Nouns (Feminine) from Adjectives :
ܬ `sweetness' from `sweet';
ܒܬ `sourness' from ܒÒ `sour'.
- -ܬ forms
Abstract Nouns (Feminine) from Adjectives :
ے `bitterness' from `bitter';
܈śے `smoothness' from ܈ś `smooth'.
- - forms
Adjectives from Nouns and denotes `coming from', `belonging
to':
ť܈Źܡ `of
Calcutta' from ť܈ `Calcutta';
śܾܡ `belonging
to Kanauj' from śܾ `Kanauj';
ܟ܃ `grown
in Bombay' from ܟ܃ `Bombay'.
- also forms
diminutives (Feminine):
ܹ `a
small cot' from ܒ `cot';
ܹ `young
daughter' from ܽ `daughter';
ٹܡ `casket' from ٝ `box'.
- - forms Adjectives
from Nouns, and denotes `belonging to', having', `coming
from':
ܺܝ `rosy' from ܺܝ `rose';
ܿܥ `Bengali' from ܿܥ `Bengal';
ڽ `countrymade' from ڽ `country';
`wollen' from `wool';
ܿܥ `wild' from ܿܥ `forest'.
- also
forms Diminutives (Feminine):
`hill' from `mountain';
`rope' from `rope';
ܽţ `small
basket' from ܽţ `basket'.
- further
forms Abstract Nouns (Feminine) from Nouns or Adjectives:
ܽ `theft' from ܽ thief
ܽ `agriculture' from ܽ field';
ܺ֟ܛ
`wisdom' from ܺ֟ܛ `wise';
ܣ `poverty' from ܣ
`poor'.
- ĥ forms
Adjectives from Nouns and denotes `containing', `full of';
`juicy' from `juice';
ۣ `poisonous' from ۣ `poison';
ܛ `watery' from ܛ `water'
(with vowel-
shortening).
- forms Adjectives
from Nouns and denotes `belonging to', `tending to', etc.:
ܳ `of
the market', from ܣ `market';
`common',
`cheap'
ܳ `homely',
`private' from ܣ `home, house';
ܥܻ `sloping' from ܥ `slope';
ܽ `voracious' from ܽ `belly,
stomach'.
(9) - denotes
`belonging to', `dealing in' and forms Nouns and Adjectives
from Nouns:
ܟܽ (Fem.
ܟܽ) from ܟ `maternal uncle';
܍ܽ (Fem.
܍ܽ) from ܍ `uncle';
ܾܽ (Fem.
ܾܽ) from ܾ `maternal aunt'
etc.
These words denote
`sons (or daughters) of maternal uncle' etc.
ܽ `snake-charmer' from `snake';
ܽ `painter' from ܰ `picture,
painting'.
- -ܛ forms
Abstract Nouns (Masculine) form Adjectives or Nouns:
ܥܜܛ `blackness' from
ܥ `black';
܊ܥܜܛ
`madness' from ܊ܥ `mad';
Ŝܛ
`boyishness' from `boy'.
- - similarly
makes Abstract Nouns (Masculine) from Nouns or Adjectives
which shorten their first vowels:
ܺܜ (ܽܜ,
`fatness' from ܽ `fat';
ܺܜ
`old age' from ܻ `old';
ܜ `widowhood' from `widow'.
- -ۣ (See
159).
- The following
Persian suffixes may also be noted:
- - forms Abstract
Nouns (Feminine) From Adjectives:
ܺ `pleasure'
from ܺ `happy, pleased';
ܽ `friendship' from ܽ `friend';
ںܛ `enmity' from ںܛ `enemy'.
- -ܣ or ܣ
makes Nouns, and denotes `dealing in':
ܾ܊ܣ `merchant' from ܾ `merchandise';
ڻܣ `magician' from ڻ `magic';
ܺۊܣ `sinner' from ܺ `sin
(with vowel-
shorrtening);
ڊܣ `helper' from `help'.
- -ܛ makes
Adjectives from Nouns :
ܥܛ `annual' from ܥ `year';
ܽܛ `daily' from ܽ `day';
ě `manly,
(as) male' from `male';
ܛ `royal' from `king'.
- -܈ forms
Adjectives from Nouns and denotes `full of, arousing':
ě܈ `touching,
piteous' from `pin, pity';
ܾś܈
`frightful' from ܾ `fear,
fright';
ܣ܈ `dangerous' from ܣ `danger'.
- -ě forms
Adjectives from Nouns and dentoes `having':
`coloured' from `colour';
ܾ `fond' from ܾ `liking,
hobby';
ܟ܈ `salty' from ܟ܈ `salt'.
- -ܿ forms
Adjectives from Nouns and denotes `having';
ܾܟܿ `wealthy' from ܾ `wealth';
ƥܟܿ `wise' from ƥ `wisdom';
ܡڽܿ `useful,
advantageous' from ܡ `advantage'.
(7) -ܣ similarly
forms Adjectives from Nouns and denotes `having':
ܟܣ `zamindar,
landlord' from ܟ `land';
ܥܣ `wealthy' from ܥ `property';
ڻܛܣ `shopkeeper' from ڻܛ `shop'.
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