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APPENDIX I
  1. Prefixes are subsidiary words (prepositions and particles) which are, as a rule, not used independently, but modify the meaning of a word (usually Noun or an Adjective),
    when attached to it in the beginning. Thus-
  2. ܺ = `virtue', but ܊ܺ = `fault defect',

    ܛ = `giving', but ܛ = `taking',

    Ϲ = `famous', but ܺϹ = `very famous',

    ܽ = `value or price, but ܟܽ = `priceless',

    ڛ = `day' but Ϲܹڛ = `every day, daily'.

    Nouns, Adjectives other words to which a perfix has thus been attached are included among Compounds (Appendix III). They are discussed here for the sake of convenience.

    2. Most of the perfixes in use in Hindi are Tatsama, a few are Tadbhave,

    while others have been borrowed form Aeabic or persain.

    The more important perfixes and compounds formed with their help are listed below. The compounds marked as A are Adverbial (App III, 13) and those marked as p are Possessive (App III, 15).

  3. Tatsama Prefixes
    1. denotes `negation' or `lack':

ܡ `justice', ܡ `injustice'

ܛ `knowledge', ۿ `non-violence',

`non-injury',

ťܿ `spot, blame', ťܿ `spotless' (P).

This is repleced by ܻ when attached to a word beginning with a vowel:

`pr oper', ܺ `improper',

`one', ܽ `many',

ܹ `beginning', ܹ `without beginning',

(p).

(2) = `very', `exceedingly':

ܽ `very hard' ܽܥ `very delicate',

ںĥ `exceediingly weak', ܺܣ ( +ܣ) `very

generous'.

(4) ܺ = `following', `after', `according to', `similar to' :

ܺܟܛ `following', ܺţ `imitation',

(ܟܛ `going'), (ţ `doing'),

ܺ `similar, worthy of' (P), ܺ `translation',

( form') ( `speaking').

    1. = `contrary', `lacking', `away' :

ܟܛ `disgrace, insult', ܳ `formless' (P);

ܩ܈ś `bad omen', ۣ `taking away',

carryinmg off'.

(6) = `towards', `against', `superior', `special' :

ܞܫܵ `address'; ܟ `opinion'

ܡܛ `expedition'; ܣ `custody'.

(7) = `contrary', `lacking,' `inferior' :

܊ܺ `defect, fault'; ܍ܽܛ `opinion'

ܟܻܛ `devaluation', (ܽܛ `conscious').

(8) = `until', `contrary':

܏ܛ `for life' (A), `life-long,' ܟܣ `until death' (A);

ܛ `taking'; ܊ܟܛ `coming'

(ܛ `giving'), (ܟܛ `going').

    1. , = `upwards', `superior':

ܛ `rise, progress'.

Ýܽܛ `awakening, exhortation';

Êܟ `rising, shooting forth, origin';

Ëܒ `opening, inauguration';

ڵ `ill-behaved, rude' (P).

(10) = `near', `infeior', `vice -', `sub--':

ܛܟ `surname, nickname'; ܛ܊ܣ `suburb';

ܹܡܟ `sub-rule'; ܜϚܛ `vice-president';

ܟܿ `deputy minister'.

(11) ں, ں = `evil', `diffcult':

ںĺ `evil qualities'; ںě `villain';

(ܛ person)

ںĩ `bad situation'; ںĞ `difficult to obtain' (P).

ںğ `difficult to traverse, or approach' (P).

(12) ܣ, ܬ = `away', `out', `without' :

ܣĈ `meaningless, useless' (P); ܣܣܚ `innocent'(P)

ܞġ `fearless' ܏ě `lonely' (place);

ܡ `export'; ܬܽ `spiritless' (P);

ܩܥ `unmoving, fixed' ܫܟ `desireless (P);

(ܥ `moving')

    1. ܹ = `around', `fully', `well':

ܹܛ `entourage, sevants'; ܹş `circumambulation';

ܹܽ `full satisfaction'; ܹƨ `quite ripe';

ܹܚě `addition, enlargement'.

(14) = `excess', `very', `forward':

ϝܥ `very strong' (P); ϡ `great effort';

ω `well-known'; Ϲš `process';

Ϯܽ `projection'; ϊܹ `progress'.

(15) Ϲ = `against', `opposite', `every':

Ϲܚܹ `echo'; Ϲܹܟ `reflection';

Ϲܨ `defendant'; Ϲܹڛ `everyday' (A);

( `plaintiff)

Ϲܮܵ `every moment' (A)

(16) = `lacking', `away', `special', `various', `opposite':

܏ܛ `lonely (place)' (P); ܬܣ `forgetting,

forgetfulness';

ܟܥ `spotless, clean' (P); ܱܛ `science';

܏ܡ ` victory'; ܞ܊ `division,

distribution':

ڽ ` foreign land'; š `sale'

(ڽ ` country') (š `purchase')

(17) ܟ = `with', `together with', `altogether', `good':

ܟܹ `agreement'; ܟܽܛ `conference';

ܟܛ `honour, homage'; ܿܵ `protection';

ܿܚܛ `constitution'; ܿܽܛ `amendment,

correction'.

(18) ܺ = `good', `easily':

ܺş `good work, merit'; ܹܺ `well-educated';

ܺţ `easy to do' (P); ܺܞ `easy to obtain'(P);

ܺܟ `easy of access' (P).

    1. ܣ, : = `inter-' :

ܣī `international' :ܛ `inter-provincial';

܏ `intercaste'.

(20) = `bad', `evil':

ňş `bad deed, evil act'; Ų `ugly' (P):

ō `conspiracy'; Źڛ `bad day, adversity'.

    1. ܺܣ = `agaom', `re-' :

ܹܺĨ `remarriage' ܺ܏ě `rebirth';

ܺܲܛ `renaissance'.

(22) ܈ = `pre-' :

܊ܾܹ܈ `pre-historic'; ƈŘܛ `foreword';

܊ܾڈ `pre-Vedic'; [Řܛ `say' (noun)]

(23) = `with', `together with', `same' :

ť `fruitful, successful' (P);

܏ `living, full of life' (P);

܏ `of the same caste or community or kind' (P).

(24) = `with' together with', `same':

ۊܛ `chorus'; ۈܣ `co-operation';

ۈܣ `assistant', ۜ `class-fellow'.

`co-operative'

  1. Tadhava Prefixes
  1. , = `without', `lacking':

܁, ܜ܁ `uneducated' (P); ܛ, ܏ܛ `ignorant'

`definite; final,irrevocable' (P); (P);

܏ܛܽ `without knowing, unwittingly' (A);

ܹܛ `innumerable' (P); ܟܽ `invaluable'

(P).

(2) = `bad', `evil' :

ōܥ `bad ways; misconduct'; ܾ `ugly' (P);

(ܾ `form, shape').

(3) ں = `bad', `lacking':

ںܥ `bad time, famine';

ںܥ `weak, lean, without strength' (P).

(4) = `lacking', `without':

܈ş `useless' (P); ٣ `fearless' (P);

`unarmed' (P).

(5) ܛ = `without', `un........':

ܛ- `unmarried' (P): ܛ-ܛܽ without

knowing' (archaic) (A).

(6) ܣ = `ful', `as much as possible':

ܣܽ `bellyful, to heart's content' (A);

ܣ܈ `as far as one can' (܈ś `to be able to') (A);

ܣܻ `plentiful'.

ܣ is really the Absolutive form of ܣ (243) and means `filing, so as to fill'. In the above compounds, it has, however, been used as a prefix (cf 294-e and 295).

  1. Arabic and Persian Prefixes
  2. (1) ܾ = `without', `against', `foreign';

    ܾܹܣ `absent' ; ܾܣܣ `unofficial';

    ܾܛܻ `illegal'.

    (2) = `without':

    ܜܬܛ `unliked; unacceptable'; ܉ܺ `displeased, angry':

    ܟܻܿ `disallowed , rejected'. ܥܡ܈ `unworthy'.

    (3) = `per':

    ڟ `per head' (A); ܡ `per rupee' (A);

    ܽ `per seer' (A). `per cent' (A).

    (4) = `without':

    ܜܣ `careless' (P); ܏ܨܝ `speechless; `incom parable'

    (P);

    (ܨܝ `reply')

    ܜ `untraceable, missing' (P);

    ܃܏ `incurable' (P).

    (5) ܽ = without':

    ܽğܛ `dishonest' (P); ܽܛ `lifeless' (P);

    ܽܣ `helpless' (P); ܽܽ `semse;ess' (P);

    ܽ۟ `merciless' )P); ܽܒ `fearlessly' (A).

    (6) ۣ = `every' :

    ۣ ܽ `every day' (A); ۣ ܥ `every year' (A);

    ۣ `every one'; ۣ ܣ `each time' (A).

    SUFFIXES

  3. Suffixes are elements attached to a root, a Pronoun, an Adjectives etc. for forming related words. Some suffixes attached to a root make Nouns or Adjectives, e.g.
  4. ܃ `fight' from `to fight';

    ܨܾ `singer' from ܛ `to sing'.

    Other suffixes attached to Nouns or Adjectives etc. form further Nouns or Adjectives :

    ܿܥ `a Bengali' from ܿܥ `Bengal';

    ܺ܃ `badness' from ܺ `bad';

    ܬ `thirsty' from ܬ `thirst'.

  5. There are thus two kinds of suffixes :
  1. those attached to a root and forming Verbal Nouns and Adjectives and
  2. those attached to a Noun or Adjective and forming Secondary Nouns or Adjectives. The first variety of suffixe, and the words formed by them are called ڛ, Primary Derivatives.

The second variety of suffixes is called ܹ or Secondary Suffixes and the words formed by them are called ܹܛ or Secondary Derivatives;

  1. The main Primary Suffixes of Hindi are as follows:
  1. The root itself is occasionally used as an Abstract Noun:
  2. ܣ `beating' from ܣ `to beat';

    ܾ `race, running' from ܽ `to run';

    ܻ `plunder' from ܻ `to rob, to plunder';

    ܽ `play, sport' from ܽܛ `to play'.

  3. Sometimes the vowel of the roots is lengthened or modified :
  4. ܥ `gait or motion' from ܥܛ `to move';

    ܁ `flood, increase' from ܁ `to grow';

    ܽ `harmony, friendship from ܥܛ `to meet'.

  5. -ƈ = `doing something habitually or excessively', forms Adjectives:
  6. ܺƈ `forgetful' from ܻܛ `to forget';

    ܡƈ `drunkard' from `to drink';

    ƈ `habitually jumping' from ڛ `to jump';

    ܺƈ `wanderer' from ܻܛ `to wander'.

    Long vowel of a root is regularly shortened before - ƈ.

  7. - forms abstract, or agent, or action, or instrumental Nouns (Masc.) as well as past participles (see 195):
  8. ܊ `quarrel' from ܊ `to quarrel';

    ܜ `print' from ܜܛ `to print';

    ܽ `siege' from ܽ `to surround';

    ܒ `shock' from ܒś `to shake';

    ܽ `fair' from ܥܛ `to meet';

    ܻ `swing' (Noun) from ܺܛ `to swing';

    ܿ-Œ `pick-pocket' from ܒ `to cut';

    -ܽ `speaking sweetly' from ܽܛ `to speak'.

    Note the vowel-changes in ܽ and ܿ-Œ.

  9. -܃ forms Abstract Nouns (Fem.) :
  10. ܃ `fight' from `to quarrel, to fight';

    ܁܃ `study' from ܁ `to study, to learn';

    ܁܃ `ascent' from ܁ `to ascend, to climb';

    ş܃ `earning' from şܛ `to earn'.

    Some Nouns formed with ܃ denote `cost' or `charges' for the work done :

    ܺ܃ `washing chjarges' from ܺܛ `to get washed';

    ܉܃ `writing changes, from ܉ܛ `to write'.

    clerkage'

  11. -܅ = `able', `fit for', `doing', forms Adjectives :
  12. ܈܅ `saleable' from ܈ś `to sell' (intrans.);

    ܅ `durable' from ś `to last';

    ܣ܅ `likely to from ܣ `to fall';

    collapse or fall'

    ş܅ `one who earns from şܛ `to earn';

    (much)'

    ܅ `voracious' from ܛ `to eat'.

  13. -܈, -܈, -܈ = `doing habitually, efficiently', form Adjectives :

܈ `quarrelsome' from `to quarrel';

ܾ܈ `a skilful swimmer' from ܾ `to swim';

܈, `flying' from `to fly'.

܈

These Adjectives do not modify in the Feminine.

(8) -ܨ forms Abstract Nouns (Masc.) :

܁ܨ `ascent' from ܁ `to ascend';

ܨ `flow' from ۛ `to flow';

ܺܨ `bend, turn' from ܻܛ `to turn';

܍ܨ `protection' from ܍ܛ `to escape, to avoid'.

  1. -ܛ forms Abstract Nouns (Masc. or Fem.):
  2. ܛ `flight' from ܛ `to fly';

    ܛ `growth, rise' from ؛ `to arise';

    ܥܛ `comparison' from ܥܛ `to meet, to

    tally';

    ܊ܛ `tax' from ܊ܛ `to be levied'.

  3. -ܨܒ forms Abstrac Nouns (Fem.):
  4. ܉ܨܒ `writing' form ܉ܛ `to write';

    ܛܨܒ `make, fabrication' form ܛܛ `to make';

    ܨܒ `obstruction' form ܽś `to stop';

    ܏ܨܒ `decortaion' form ܏ܛ `todecorato';

  5. -ܨ froms Abstract Nouns (Masc):
  6. ܺܨ `call' from ܺܛ `to call';

    ܺܨ `deceptnon' from ܺܛ `to farget

    (`to cheat');

    ۛܨ `dress' from ۛܛ `to put on'.

  7. -ے forms Abstract Nouns (Fem.) :

ܥے `cry' from ܥܛ `to cry';

ܝܣے `perturbation' from ܝܣܛ `to worry ; to

`consternation' feel anxious'.

(13)-ܥ `tending to, prove to', `-ly' forms Adjectives:

ܹܥ `rotten, rotting from `to rot';

ܹܥ `half-dead, sickly' from ܣ `to die';

ܥ `obnstinate' from `to be obstinate,

to stick'.

    1. - forms Abstract Nouns (Feminine):
    2. ¬ `laughter, joke' from ¬ܛ `to laugh';

      ܽ `speech, dialect' from ܽܛ `to speak';

      ܺ `rebuke' from ܺś `to rebuke'.

    3. - forms Abstract or Agent Nouns (Adjectives):
    4. şܽ `earning' from şܛ `to earn';

      ܺ `robber' from ܻ `to rob';

      ܬܽ `lodging, roost' from ܬܛ `to dwell'.

    5. - forms Abstract Nouns (Feminine):
    6. ܍ `saving' from ܍ܛ `to escape, be saved';

      ܜ `consumption, sale' from ܜܛ `to sell' (intrans).

    7. - forms Abstract Nouns (Feminine):
    8. ܁ `growth, increase' from ܁ `to grow';

      ܛ `counting' from ܛܛ `to count';

      ܣ `filling, recruitment' from ܣ `to fill'.

    9. - forms Abstract Nouns (Masc. or Fem.):
    10. ܥܛ `conduct' from ܥܛ `to move';

      ܺ܈ܛ `smile' from ܺ܈ܛ `to smile'.

    11. - forms Infinitives (see section III, chapter X):
    12. -ܥ (See 243).
  1. The important Secondary Suffixes of Hindi are as follows :-
  1. - forms Adjectives denoting `having':

ܻ `hungry' from ܻ `hunger';

ܬ `thirsty' from ܬ `thirst';

ܾ `dirty' from ܾ `dirt'

(2)-܃ forms Abstract and other Nouns (Fem.) from Adjectives :

܃ `goodness' from `good';

ܺ܃ `badness, evil' from ܺ `bad';

܃ `sweetmeat' from `seweet'.

  1. -ܬ forms Abstract Nouns (Feminine) from Adjectives :
  2. ܬ `sweetness' from `sweet';

    ܒܬ `sourness' from ܒÒ `sour'.

  3. -ܬ forms Abstract Nouns (Feminine) from Adjectives :
  4. ے `bitterness' from `bitter';

    ܈śے `smoothness' from ܈ś `smooth'.

  5. - forms Adjectives from Nouns and denotes `coming from', `belonging to':
  6. ť܈Źܡ `of Calcutta' from ť܈ `Calcutta';

    śܾܡ `belonging to Kanauj' from śܾ `Kanauj';

    ܟ܃ `grown in Bombay' from ܟ܃ `Bombay'.

    - also forms diminutives (Feminine):

    ܹ `a small cot' from ܒ `cot';

    ܹ `young daughter' from ܽ `daughter';

    ٹܡ `casket' from ٝ `box'.

  7. - forms Adjectives from Nouns, and denotes `belonging to', having', `coming from':
  8. ܺܝ `rosy' from ܺܝ `rose';

    ܿܥ `Bengali' from ܿܥ `Bengal';

    ڽ `countrymade' from ڽ `country';

    `wollen' from `wool';

    ܿܥ `wild' from ܿܥ `forest'.

    - also forms Diminutives (Feminine):

    `hill' from `mountain';

    `rope' from `rope';

    ܽţ `small basket' from ܽţ `basket'.

    - further forms Abstract Nouns (Feminine) from Nouns or Adjectives:

    ܽ `theft' from ܽ thief

    ܽ `agriculture' from ܽ field';

    ܺ֟ܛ `wisdom' from ܺ֟ܛ `wise';

    ܣ `poverty' from ܣ `poor'.

  9. ĥ forms Adjectives from Nouns and denotes `containing', `full of';

`juicy' from `juice';

ۣ `poisonous' from ۣ `poison';

ܛ `watery' from ܛ `water' (with vowel-

shortening).

- forms Adjectives from Nouns and denotes `belonging to', `tending to', etc.:

܏ܳ `of the market', from ܏ܣ `market';

`common', `cheap'

ܳ `homely', `private' from ܣ `home, house';

ܥܻ `sloping' from ܥ `slope';

ܽ `voracious' from ܽ `belly, stomach'.

(9) - denotes `belonging to', `dealing in' and forms Nouns and Adjectives from Nouns:

ܟܽ (Fem. ܟܽ) from ܟ `maternal uncle';

܍ܽ (Fem. ܍ܽ) from ܍ `uncle';

ܾܽ (Fem. ܾܽ) from ܾ `maternal aunt' etc.

These words denote `sons (or daughters) of maternal uncle' etc.

œܽ `snake-charmer' from œ `snake';

ܽ `painter' from ܰ `picture, painting'.

    1. -ܛ forms Abstract Nouns (Masculine) form Adjectives or Nouns:
    2. ܥܜܛ `blackness' from ܥ `black';

      ܊ܥܜܛ `madness' from ܊ܥ `mad';

      Ŝܛ `boyishness' from `boy'.

    3. - similarly makes Abstract Nouns (Masculine) from Nouns or Adjectives which shorten their first vowels:
    4. ܺܜ (ܽܜ, `fatness' from ܽ `fat';

      ܺܜ `old age' from ܻ `old';

      ܜ `widowhood' from `widow'.

    5. -ۣ (See 159).
  1. The following Persian suffixes may also be noted:
  1. - forms Abstract Nouns (Feminine) From Adjectives:
  2. ܺ `pleasure' from ܺ `happy, pleased';

    ܽ `friendship' from ܽ `friend';

    ںܛ `enmity' from ںܛ `enemy'.

  3. -ܣ or ܣ makes Nouns, and denotes `dealing in':
  4. ܾ܊ܣ `merchant' from ܾ `merchandise';

    ڻܣ `magician' from ڻ `magic';

    ܺۊܣ `sinner' from ܺ `sin (with vowel-

    shorrtening);

    ڊܣ `helper' from `help'.

  5. -ܛ makes Adjectives from Nouns :
  6. ܥܛ `annual' from ܥ `year';

    ܽܛ `daily' from ܽ `day';

    ě `manly, (as) male' from `male';

    ܛ `royal' from `king'.

  7. -܈ forms Adjectives from Nouns and denotes `full of, arousing':
  8. ě܈ `touching, piteous' from `pin, pity';

    ܾś܈ `frightful' from ܾ `fear, fright';

    ܣ܈ `dangerous' from ܣ `danger'.

  9. -ě forms Adjectives from Nouns and dentoes `having':
  10. `coloured' from `colour';

    ܾ `fond' from ܾ `liking, hobby';

    ܟ܈ `salty' from ܟ܈ `salt'.

  11. -ܿ forms Adjectives from Nouns and denotes `having';

ܾܟܿ `wealthy' from ܾ `wealth';

ƥܟܿ `wise' from ƥ `wisdom';

ܡڽܿ `useful, advantageous' from ܡ `advantage'.

(7) -ܣ similarly forms Adjectives from Nouns and denotes `having':

ܟܣ `zamindar, landlord' from ܟ `land';

ܥܣ `wealthy' from ܥ `property';

ڻܛܣ `shopkeeper' from ڻܛ `shop'.