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- Sandhi literally
means `putting together' or combining' (of sounds), It denotes
all combinatory sound-changes effected (spontaneously) for
ease of pronunciation.
- In words borrowed
from Sanskrit, naturally, rules of Sanskrit Sandhi are followed.
(see, however 50-f).
The most important
of these are given below :-
- VOWELS :-
- +, +,
+ or + = :
ܻ+
= ܻĬ, `sunset'.
ܣ+
= ܣ `God'.
+ܬ
= ܞܬ `study'.
+ܥܡ
= ܥܡ `school'.
- + , +,
+ or + = :
+ =
`wished, desired'.
ܹ+Į
= ܣ `test, examination'.
+ =
`king (lord of the earth)'.
ܛ + ĩ
= ܛ `moon (lord of the night)'.
- + ,
+ , +, or + = :
ܺ +
= ܻ `good or clever saying'.
ۺ +
= ۻ `possessing much strength'.
- + , +,
+ or + = :
ܺ +
= ܺܽ `well-wisher'.
+
=۽ `the great Indra'.
ܣ + ĩ
= ܣ `lord of men, king'.
+ ܣ
= ۽ܣ `the great lord, Siva'.
- +, +,
+, + = ܽ :
ܨ + ڡ
= ܨܽڡ `universal welfare'.
+ ܨ
= ܽܨ `the great festivity'.
ܨ +
= ܨܽ `a newly married (woman)'.
+
= ܽ `a great wave'.
- + or
+ = :
ܜ+
= ܜܹ `The seven Sages, the Great Bear'.
+
= ۹ ` a great wave'.
- +, +,
+ or + = :
ܺ + ܵ
= ܾܺܵ `desire for a son'.
+ ơ
= ܾơ `unanimity of opinion'.
+
= ھ `always (emphatic)'.
+ ܡ
= ۾ܡ `great power or prosperity'.
- +ܽ, +ܾ,
+ܽ or + ܾ = ܾ:
ܣ + ܽ
= ܣܾ `lower lip'.
ܣ + ܾܚ
= ܣܾܚ `a great remedy'.
+ ܽܬ
= ܾܬ `of great vigour or splendour'.
+ ܾܺơ
= ܾܺơ `great eagerness'.
- or followed
by any vowel other than or changes to :
+ ڡ
= ܺڡ `rise, prosperity'.
+ ܹ
= ܹ `etc'.
Ϲ+
= ܽ `everyone'.
+ ܺ
= ܟ ܺ `river-water'.
- or followed
by any vowel other than or changes to :
ܺ + ܊
= ܊ `welcome (Noun)'.
ܚܻ+܊ܟܛ
= ܚ܊ܟܛ `coming of the bride'.
- followed
by any vowel other than changes to :
ܼ + ܱ
= ܱܰ `father's command'.
ܼ +
=Ű `doer (fem.)'.
- ܽ + ܽ
[but not wothin a word];
Note :- It
is usual to denote the elision of after and ܽ by
the sign,
Thus ܽ,
, ܛܽ ܺť. The Sanskrit name for the sign is
܊ (Avagraha).
- CONSONANTS
:
- ,
, and followed by a vowel or by a voiced consonant
(27A)(ii), other than a nasal (4-c), change to , ,
and respectively :
܈ + ĩ
= ܊ `lord of speech'.
ڈ +
= ڊ `elephants of the quarters'.
ܒ + ܛܛ
= ܛܛ `six-mouthed, the god Skanda'.
+
= `lotus'.
- followed
by a vowel, or by , , , , , , , or changes
to :
܊
+ ĩ = ܊ `lord of the world'.
+ ܺ = Êܺ `a good teacher'.
+
ܒ = Ëܒ `opening, inauguration'.
+
ܣ = ֣ `quotation'.
+ = ͻ `smilar, identical'.
(3)
followed by or cjamges to
+ ܹ = ܍ܹ `of good character'.
+
= `destruction, cutting out'.
(4) +
= :
+
ܬ = èܬ `breathing out'.
- +
= :
+ ܛ
= ܛ `a virtuous person'.
- +
= :
+
=ܥ `absorbed'.
+ ܬ
= ܬ `delight'.
- , ,
and as well as , , and followed by
a nasal consonant change , , and respectively:
܈ + ܡ
= ܌ܡ `literature'
ܒ + ܺ
= ܵܺ `six -mouthed, Skanda'.
܊ +
ܘ = ܊ܛܘ `lord of the world'.
- + =
:
+ =
`haughty, arrogant'.
- followed
by or by a voiced consonant changes to ܽ:
ܛܬ +
ܺť = ܛܽ+ܺť = ܛܽܺť (see 49
(a) (12) above)
ܽܬ +
ܡ =ܽܽܡ `shining, brilliant, effulgent'.
ܣ
+ = ܣܽ `lotus'.
- followed
by or by a voiced consonant changes to ܽ:
ܡܬ +
ܛ = ܡ:ܛ `a drink of milk'
ܬ +
= : `downfall'
ܬ + ŵ
= :ŵ `a speck of dust'
ܛܬ +
ܽ = ܛ:ܽ `grief of mind'
ܜܬ +
ť = ܜ:ť `fruit of penance'.
- followed
by or changes to :-
ܜܬ +
ܡ = ܜܩܡ `practice of austerities'.
ܬ +
= ܩܥ `free from fraud, guileless'.
ں + ܣ
= ںܣ difficult to do or perform'.
- preceded
by a vowel other than and , and followed by a vowel
or by a voiced consonant, changes to :
ܡܺ +
ܽ = ܡܺܽ `the science of health or medicine'.
- preceded
by a vowel other than and , and followed by , ,
or , changes to :-
ܬ
+ ܟ = ܫܟ `desireless, disinterested'.
ܬ
+ ť = ܫť `fruitless, vain'
ܬ
+ ܮ = ܫܮ `impartial'.
- Hindi has,
besides these, its own rules of Sandhi. They are, however,
not so well-defined as, and much fewer in number than, the
Sanskrit rules. Moreover, quite a few of them operate only
in spoken Hindi, their effects (though actually existing)
being left unindicated in the written form. (The Hindi Sandhis
have not yet been properly investigated and formulated.
An exhaustive treatment is, therefore, not possible at this
stage).
Some important
Sandhi rules, operating in both spoken and written Hindi,
are given below :-
- Within a
word and followed by and ܽ (or and ܽ)
change into ܻ:
ܹ +
(Plural sign. see 82 (c) = ܹܡ `dates'.
+
-do- = ܹڡ `rivers;.
ܽ +
-do- =ܾܽ `loaves'.
+ ܽ
[Plural sign of Address, ] = ܡܽ `O Powers'
+
ܽ -do- = šܽ `O girls'
܃ + ܽ
-do- = ܃ܽ `O brothers'
Similarly,
šܽ, ܿܽ etc.
Note - This
Sandhi is based upon the fact that in between an and
any other vowel, a -like aound (``y-glide'' or ``-'')
is pronounced, and is represented as such in writing.
A - sound is, similarly. pronounced between and
any other vowel. But this is generally ignored in writing.
- Within a
word followed by (¿) or ܽ (ܽ) is shortened
:
ۻ+ (Plural
sign 80 (c) = ۺ `wives'
ۻ+ܽ (Plural
sign of Address 103) ۺܽ `O woves'
- `now',
ܝ `then', ŝ `when', ܝ `when' (relative), and
ܝ `all', followed by the Emphatic Particle [294
(a)] combine their with it and replace the two by
:
+ =
`just now',
ܝ +
= ܞ `just then',
ܝ +
= ܞ `all, everybody',
[ See 51 (c)
below and 284].
- The same
when preceded by , , Ŭ and ܬ loses its
and the remaining is combined with the :
+=
`this very'.
+=
`that same'
Ŭ+=Ŭ
`someone',
ܬ+=ܬ
`the very one which'.
[See 118 (29).]
- loses
its also after `here', `where (relative)',
`there' and `where?'; and the resulting
replaces th final of those words:
+
= `in (at) this very place', + = `wherever',
+
= in (at) that very place', + = `somewhere',
( See 284)
- In a few
borrowed Sanskrit words, Hindi shows (from the point of
view of view of Sanskrit) `incorrect' Sandhis :
ܡܽܡܽ
(striyopayogi) `suitable or useful for women' in place
of the correct ܡܺܡܽ [49 (a) (9)]
ܣܽ
(uparokt)`above-mentioned' in place of ܡĺ:
ܣī
(antarrastriy) `international' in place of ܣܫ.
- THE INHERENT
- The following
important rules concerning the inherent (28), which operate
in spoken Hindi only, may be noted :-
(a) The inherent
when occurring at the end of a word is, as a rule, silent:
ܟ, (Kama) `work, act' is pronounced as ܟ (kam),
şܥ (kamala) `lotus' as şܥ (kamal), ܛ (mana)
`mind as ܛ (man), ܣܟ (arama) `rest' as ܣܟ
(aram).
- The inherent
is also silent when occurring within a word, but not
in the first syllable of a word, nor when followed or
preceded by another silent inherent , Thus :-
ܒ (u-la-ta)
`moving' as ܥ (cal-ta)
ܥܝ (ma-ta-la-ba)
`purpose , meaning' as åܝ (mat-lab).
It may
be noted that in the last word, the inherent of is
not silent, since is the first syllable of the word.
The in is also not silent, since the in the following
syllable is already silent, occurring, as it does,
at the end of the word itself. For the same reason, the
second inherent in a word like şܥ `lotus' cannot
be silent : it is followed by an already silent (kamal).
Other examplex
of silent inherent are :-
ܟ (nam)
`name', (rat) `night', ܝ (kitab) `book', ܣ
(bharna) `to fill', ܻܛ (sukhna) `to dry', ţܝ
(kartab) `deed, act', ڟ (admi) `man', ܍ܜܛ (bachpan)
`childhood' ܛ-ܛ (khan-pan) `food and drink', ܟܛ
`front, affront, face-to-face meeting,' ܟܛ (saman)
`material, luggage.'
- The silent
pronuciation has, in a few cases, gained entry into
written Hindi also. The forms , ܞ etc. were dropped
:
+ (three
syllables)= + (ab-hi-two syllables)= (abhi)
is the only possible sequence of development A still clearer
instance of this is seen in the form ܺ `you yourself',
which is obviously ܺ+ pronounced as ܺ + [See
118 (29)]
- Inherent
is not silent in the learned pronunciation of Sanskrit
words, especially if they end in or , e.g. ܛܡ
(ta-na-ya) `son, ܛܨ (ma-na-va) `human or human being',
or if the is preceded by a conjunct consonant:
ܣ (prarambha)
`beginning',
ܛ
(mantra) `sacred hymn or formula, incantation, charm,
spell',
ܨ
(sarva) `all',
ܛ
(dhanya) `fortunate'.
(e) In
verse also, inherent is silent, though sometimes
pronounced if required :
ڨܬ
ܬܛ ܟ - divas ka avasan samip tha
ܾܻ ť ڽ܈ţ akh ka asu dhalak-ta dehk
kar.
51a. As a
result of the inherent being silent, there is occasionally
found, in spoken Hindi, also the `Sentence Sandhi Sandhi'
i.e. Sandhi of the final letter of a word occurring in a sentence
or in a compound with the first letter of the following word.
Thus, ܈ (dak) `post, mail', + ܣ (ghar) `house' which
is written as ܈ŋܣ `post-office' is pronounced as ܊ܣ
(dagghar)(cf. 49-b-1); (ek) `one + (gari) `carriage'
is pronounced as (eggari) (49-b-1) ܚ (adh) `half'
+ ܽ (ser) `seer' is pronounced as ܬܽ (asser) `half-s
seer' (one pound in weight). Similarly, ܹ + = ُܹ
`a Brahmin or priest', (cf 49-b-5), ۺ+ܛ=ۺܛ
`to reach, arrive', (cf 49-b-1), ܣ+ܥ=ܥ `(somebody
has been) killed', ܣ+܂ܽ = ܥ܂ܽ `bring (it) hither'.
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