 |
40. (a) The `'
(Anuswara) placed above a vowel or a consonant + vowel, may
represent, as already stated [(2) (d)] any one of the five
nasals `, , , and as combined with a following
consonant.
(b) The nasals,
as a rule combine only with consonants of their own class
(varga), or with another nasal, or with , , , , ,
, and
(A combination
like + , or +, for exapmple, is not met with in
Hindi.)
The usual combinations
are :-
+, , ,
, , ,
+, , ,
,
+, , , ,
, , , ,
+, , ,
, , , , , ,,
+, , ,
, , , , , , , , , ,
(c) In all words,
the nasals can be replaced by Anuswara, if followed by the
first four letters of their own class. Thus ܌É `fan'
can be written as ܿ, ܌Ê `sweeper' as ܿ, ܑ
`paw' as ܿ, `blind' as , `egg' as ,
ܟ܃ `Bombay' as ܿ܃, etc. But ܺ `infant boy',
as such, and not as ܺ, , ܺܣ, ܿܛ, etc.
(d) However,
followed by or , should by Anuswara. ܛ `flute' should
be written ܿ and ܛ `wish, purpose' should be ܿ.
(e) occurring
at the end of a word and followed by a consonant changes to
Anuswara. ܟ + ܽ = ܿܽ `combination, chance',
ܟ+ܣ=ܿܣ `the world' , ܟ + ܣ = ܿܣ `killing,
destruction'.
41. The Auswara
is pronounced:-
- as before
,, , : ܿ (pankha) `fan', ܿ (tang) `narrow'.
- almost as
before : the current Hindi pronunciation of (sinha)
`lion' is ܌Ë (singha). or (sinha)
- as before
, , , and : ܿ (campa) `a flower', ܿܣ
(numbar) `unmber', ܿ (samvat) `era, year'.
- almost as
before : ܿܟ (sanyam) `self-control', ܿܽ (sanyog)
`union, chance.'
- as before
the rest of the consonants : ܿ (sant) `saint', ܿڣ
(bandar) `monkey', (anda) `egg', ܿܡ (sancay) `collection',
ܿ (panja) `paw', ܿܣ (sansar) `the world', ܿ܈
(Sanraksak) `protector, guardian' ܿ܊ (sanlagn) `enclosed,
attached', ܿܡ (sansay)`doubt'.
Note :- The
Anuswara does not occur before , and .
42. Since the
Anuswara is invariably preceded by a vowel, since its sign
closely resembles the nasalization (Anunasika) sign, since
both the signs are placed above a vowel, and, minly, since
the sounds represented by them are similiar, it (the Anuswara)
is in writing often confused with and replaces the (ܛܛں).
Thus ۾. (hai) `they are' is (almost invariably) written as
(hairh) and ¬ (has) `laugh' is often confused with ۿ
(hansa) `swan'. It is not too difficult and it is worhwhile
to distinguish between the two. The Anuswara follows a vowel
and has, in Hindi, the value of a , , , , or .
is either (as in Ŋܛ `bracelet') or (as ub
ܛܽܛ `recreation') or (as in `egg') or
(as in ܿڣ `monkey') or (as in ܿ `long'). Nasalization,
on the other hand, is a modification of the pronunciation
of the vowel itself: = nasalized , = + (not ++
as would be), ۾= + (not ++ or )
- Except in loan
words, Hindi does not have Anuswara after a long vowel
`eye', `brick', `camel', `yes', ܽ `canoe',
ܽ ں `leopard', ܾ `buffalo', ܾ ś `to
be startled', all have Anunasika (nasalized) vowels. In
some cases, even original (sanskrit) Anuswara is replaced
by nasalization. (¬ `bronze' goes back to Sanskrit
ܿ).
Long vowels in
Hindi words, therefore, are frequently written with an Anuswara
and pronounced as Anunasika (nasalised): ܽں =ܽ ں
`leopard' (tedua not tendua); and by analogy, even short nasalized
vowels are occasionally written with an Aunswara: ܽ
for ܽ `darkness', ܿܣ for ¨ܣ `rustic',
for `to be sifted', etc.
This slipshod
treatment of Anuswara and nasalisation must be avoided and
care must be taken to ensure accurate representation of bothe
the signs.
|
|
